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This chapter describes the methods of evaluating the performance of photovoltaic cells and modules. The key evaluating factor of photovoltaic cells is the energy converting efficiency under standard testing conditions. The efficiency is the ratio of the maximum electrical output power of a solar cell to the incident optical power in the form of sunlight. The properties of sunlight and solar simulators, and characteristics of photovoltaic solar cells are described. The calibration method, setup and traceability are also discussed.

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