CHAPTER 14: Greener Approaches to Cross-Coupling

The development of environmentally sustainable chemical processes will be one of the major challenges for the field in this century. In this chapter, approaches to decreasing the environmental impact of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are reviewed. The use of alternative solvents, such as water, compressed carbon dioxide and ionic liquids, has attracted significant attention. Other challenges to be addressed include limiting the amount of precious metal catalyst used, decreasing the amount of by-product waste formed in these reactions and decreasing the energy demand required.