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Filamentous bacteriophage (also known as phage) is a naturally occurring, monodisperse, self-assembling, genetically modifiable biological nanofiber (∼900 nm long and ∼7 nm wide). Well-established phage display techniques can be used to identify material-specific peptides. Foreign peptides can be site-specifically displayed on the surface, leading to tunable surface chemistry. The elegant combination of the mature phage display technique and functional inorganic nanomaterials synthesis has resulted in novel nanostructures with promising applications. This chapter introduces the use of phage as a template in the synthesis and assembly of novel nanomaterials, summarizes inorganic-material-binding peptides discovered by using phage display, reviews recent progress in the phage-templated nanomaterials, and highlights exciting applications of such nanomaterials in the fields of battery fabrication, humidity sensing and nanomedicine.

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