Energy Crops
The last few years have seen the concept of bioenergy and biofuels come of age. Rising oil prices have lead to more food crops being grown for energy as well as food. This has created controversy by adding to the upward pressure on crop commodity prices that was already being created by the increasing demand for food from an expanding population. More attention has, therefore, focussed on meeting the rising demand for bioenergy and biofuels in more sustainable ways. A wider range of crops is being explored, including non-food crops, as well as the use of crop residues rather than grain or seed. Energy Crops is a comprehensive reference source which looks at this topic from the plant and agricultural science perspective. It covers energy crops that are already in use and those that are being developed or researched. Species that have been cultivated by humankind for millennia, and some that have never been considered as crops before, fall within its coverage. The introductory chapter defines energy crops before reviewing the development and current state of the technology. It also gives an historical perspective and introduces the ethical issues. Each of the subsequent chapters is dedicated to a single crop and describes the current usage of that crop for energy, its potential for future development, the economics of its use for energy production, and the research that is being undertaken to tailor it for use as an energy crop. Where appropriate, the implications for food and feed security are balanced against the benefits in terms of fuel security, the impending oil supply 'peak', the need to reduce CO2 emissions, and the implications for climate change mitigation. Each chapter is written by a specialist author or authors of international standing. The chapters by representatives of the plant breeding and biofuel industries give an industrial perspective on why energy crops have 'come of age'. They also describe how the sector is expected to develop with a wish list of crop improvements that industry would like to see realized. These include higher levels of fermentable starch, cellulose, fibres and oil quality through to the production of pure hydrocarbons. The book is suitable for undergraduates, postgraduates, academics, and those working in industry.
Energy Crops, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.
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Table of contents
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Energy Crops: Introductionp1-12ByAngela Karp;Angela KarpDepartments of Plant and Invertebrate Ecology and Plant Science, Centre for Bioenergy and Climate Change, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHerts AL5 2JQUKSearch for other works by this author on:Nigel G. HalfordNigel G. HalfordDepartments of Plant and Invertebrate Ecology and Plant Science, Centre for Bioenergy and Climate Change, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHerts AL5 2JQUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 2: Challenges and Opportunities for Using Wheat for Biofuel Productionp13-26ByPeter R Shewry;Peter R ShewryDepartment of Plant Science, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUKAL5 2JQSearch for other works by this author on:Jackie Freeman;Jackie FreemanDepartment of Plant Science, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUKAL5 2JQSearch for other works by this author on:Mark Wilkinson;Mark WilkinsonDepartment of Plant Science, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUKAL5 2JQSearch for other works by this author on:Till Pellny;Till PellnyDepartment of Plant Science, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUKAL5 2JQSearch for other works by this author on:Rowan A C MitchellRowan A C MitchellDepartment of Plant Science, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUKAL5 2JQSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 3: Maizep27-55ByStephen H. HowellStephen H. HowellPlant Sciences Institute1035A Roy J. Carver Co-LaboratoryIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 4: Sweet Sorghum as a Biofuel Cropp56-76ByGene Stevens;Gene StevensUniversity of Missouri Delta Research CenterP.O. Box 160PortagevilleMissouri 63873USASearch for other works by this author on:Roland A.Y. HolouRoland A.Y. HolouUniversity of Missouri Delta Research CenterP.O. Box 160PortagevilleMissouri 63873USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 5: Sugarcanep77-103ByA. D. Santiago;A. D. SantiagoBrazilian Agricultural Research CorporationEmbrapa Tabuleiros CosteirosCaixa Postal 2013MaceióCEP 57061-970AlagoasBrazilSearch for other works by this author on:R. Rossetto;R. RossettoAgência Paulista de Tecnologia do AgronegócioInstituto Agronômico de CampinasPiracicabaSão PauloBrazilSearch for other works by this author on:W. de Mello Ivo;W. de Mello IvoBrazilian Agricultural Research CorporationEmbrapa Tabuleiros CosteirosCaixa Postal 2013MaceióCEP 57061-970AlagoasBrazilSearch for other works by this author on:S. UrquiagaS. UrquiagaBrazilian Agricultural Research CorporationEmbrapa AgrobiologyCaixa Postal 74.505SeropédicaRio de JaneiroCEP 23890-000BrazilSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 6: Sugar Beetp104-115ByMike MayMike MayBroom's Barn Research CentreHighamBury St. Edmunds SuffolkIP28 6NPUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 7: Oilseed Rapep116-147ByRichard Weightman;Richard WeightmanADAS BoxworthBoxworthCambridgeshire CB23 4NNUKSearch for other works by this author on:Peter Gladders;Peter GladdersADAS BoxworthBoxworthCambridgeshire CB23 4NNUKSearch for other works by this author on:Pete BerryPete BerryADAS High MowthorpeDugglebyMaltonNorth Yorkshire YO17 8BPUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 8: Soybeansp148-164ByAnthony J. Kinney;Anthony J. KinneyDuPont Experimental StationWilmingtonDelaware 19807USASearch for other works by this author on:Tom E. ClementeTom E. ClementeCenter for Plant Science Innovation, University of NebraskaLincolnNebraska 68588USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 9: Perspectives on Sunflower as an Energy Cropp165-186ByZina Flagella;Zina FlagellaDepartment of Agro-Environmental Science, Chemistry and Crop Protection, Foggia Universityvia Napoli25-71122FoggiaItalySearch for other works by this author on:Massimo MonteleoneMassimo MonteleoneDepartment of Agro-Environmental Science, Chemistry and Crop Protection, Foggia Universityvia Napoli25-71122FoggiaItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 10: Palm Oil as an Energy Cropp187-195ByKeat Teong Lee;Keat Teong LeeSchool of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering CampusSeri Ampangan14300 Nibong TebalPulau PinangMalaysiaSearch for other works by this author on:Kok Tat TanKok Tat TanSchool of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering CampusSeri Ampangan14300 Nibong TebalPulau PinangMalaysiaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 11: Jatropha curcas: A Source of Energy and Other Applicationsp196-232BySatyawati Sharma;Satyawati SharmaCentre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of TechnologyNew Delhi – 110016IndiaSearch for other works by this author on:Ashwani KumarAshwani KumarCentre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of TechnologyNew Delhi – 110016IndiaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 12: Pongamia pinnata, a Sustainable Feedstock for Biodiesel Productionp233-258ByStephen H. Kazakoff;Stephen H. KazakoffAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), The University of QueenslandSt LuciaBrisbaneAustralia 4072Search for other works by this author on:Peter M. Gresshoff;Peter M. GresshoffAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), The University of QueenslandSt LuciaBrisbaneAustralia 4072Search for other works by this author on:Paul T. ScottPaul T. ScottAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), The University of QueenslandSt LuciaBrisbaneAustralia 4072Search for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 13: Willowp259-274ByS. J. HanleyS. J. HanleyCentre for Bioenergy and Climate Change, Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQ UKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 14: Poplarp275-300ByS. Y. Dillen;S. Y. DillenUniversity of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1BE-2610 WilrijkBelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:O. El Kasmioui;O. El KasmiouiUniversity of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1BE-2610 WilrijkBelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:N. Marron;N. MarronUnité Mixte de Recherche 1137, INRA-Nancy Université̇Écologie et É̇cophysiologie Forestières54280 ChampenouxFranceSearch for other works by this author on:C. Calfapietra;C. CalfapietraInstitute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF)National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria00016 Monterotondo ScaloItalySearch for other works by this author on:R. CeulemansR. CeulemansUniversity of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1BE-2610 WilrijkBelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 15: Developing Miscanthus for Bioenergyp301-321ByJohn Clifton Brown;John Clifton BrownInstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityGogerddanAberystwythCeredigionWalesSY23 3EQUKSearch for other works by this author on:Steve Renvoize;Steve RenvoizeThe Herbarium Royal Botanic Gardens KewRichmond, SurreyTW9 3ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:Yu-Chung Chiang;Yu-Chung ChiangDepartment of Life Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology1, Shuehfu Rd.NeipuPingtung 91201TaiwanSearch for other works by this author on:Yasushi Ibaragi;Yasushi IbaragiTokushima Prefectural MuseumBunka-no-mori Park, Hachiman-choTokushima cityTokushima770-8070 JapanSearch for other works by this author on:Richard Flavell;Richard FlavellCERES, Inc.1535 Ranchi Conejo BlvdThousand OaksCA 91320USASearch for other works by this author on:Joerg Greef;Joerg GreefJulius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Bundesforschungsinstitut für KulturpflanzenMesseweg 11/1238104 BraunschweigSearch for other works by this author on:Lin Huang;Lin HuangInstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityGogerddanAberystwythCeredigionWalesSY23 3EQUKSearch for other works by this author on:Tsai Wen Hsu;Tsai Wen HsuHigh Altitude Experimental Station, Endemic Species Research InstituteCouncil of AgricultureNantou CountyTaiwanRepublic of ChinaSearch for other works by this author on:Do-Soon Kim;Do-Soon KimDepartment of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKoreaSearch for other works by this author on:Astley Hastings;Astley HastingsInstitute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen23 St. Machar DriveAberdeenScotlandAB24 3UUSearch for other works by this author on:Kai Schwarz;Kai SchwarzJulius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Bundesforschungsinstitut für KulturpflanzenMesseweg 11/1238104 BraunschweigSearch for other works by this author on:Paul Stampfl;Paul StampflInstitute of Ecology, University of InnsbruckSternwartestraße 156020 InnsbruckAustriaSearch for other works by this author on:John Valentine;John ValentineInstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityGogerddanAberystwythCeredigionWalesSY23 3EQUKSearch for other works by this author on:Toshihiko Yamada;Toshihiko YamadaField Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Kita 11Nishi 10Kita-kuSapporo 060-0811JapanSearch for other works by this author on:Qingguo Xi;Qingguo XiAgricultural Institute of DongyingJiaozhoulu 21Dongying257091Republic of ChinaSearch for other works by this author on:Iain DonnisonIain DonnisonInstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityGogerddanAberystwythCeredigionWalesSY23 3EQUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 16: Subtropical and Tropical Reeds for Biomassp322-340ByMihály Czakó;Mihály CzakóUniversity of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences700 Sumter St.ColumbiaSC 29208USASearch for other works by this author on:László MártonLászló MártonUniversity of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences700 Sumter St.ColumbiaSC 29208USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 17: Switchgrassp341-380ByKenneth P. Vogel;Kenneth P. VogelGrain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research ServiceU. S. Department of AgricultureKeim HallRm 317P.O. Box 830937University of NebraskaLincolnNE 68583USASearch for other works by this author on:Gautam Sarath;Gautam SarathGrain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research ServiceU. S. Department of AgricultureKeim HallRm 317P.O. Box 830937University of NebraskaLincolnNE 68583USASearch for other works by this author on:Aaron J. Saathoff;Aaron J. SaathoffGrain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research ServiceU. S. Department of AgricultureKeim HallRm 317P.O. Box 830937University of NebraskaLincolnNE 68583USASearch for other works by this author on:Robert B. MitchellRobert B. MitchellGrain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research ServiceU. S. Department of AgricultureKeim HallRm 317P.O. Box 830937University of NebraskaLincolnNE 68583USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 18: Algaep381-415ByIra A. LevineIra A. LevineUniversity of Southern Maine51 Westminster StreetLewistonMaine 04240USASearch for other works by this author on:
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