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Fire Retardancy of Polymers: New Strategies and Mechanisms
By
Nicolas Cinausero;
Nicolas Cinausero
Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion
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Gyorgi Marosi;
Gyorgi Marosi
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
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Zbigniew Brzozwski;
Zbigniew Brzozwski
Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute
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J-M Lopez Cuesta;
J-M Lopez Cuesta
Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion
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Gordon Nelson;
Gordon Nelson
Florida Institute of Technology
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Sophie Duquesne;
Sophie Duquesne
Université Lille1, France
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Phil Wakelyn;
Phil Wakelyn
National Cotton Council of America
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David Purser;
David Purser
Hartford Environmental Research, UK
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Mohamed Hassan;
Mohamed Hassan
National Institute of Standards-Fire Protection Lab
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B B Marosfoi
B B Marosfoi
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
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Edited by
T Richard Hull;
T Richard Hull
University of Central Lancashire, UK
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Baljinder K Kandola
Baljinder K Kandola
The University of Bolton, UK
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Hardback ISBN:
978-0-85404-149-7
PDF ISBN:
978-1-84755-921-0
No. of Pages:
456
Publication date:
03 Dec 2008
About this book
Globally, fire retardants are needed to satisfy a multibillion dollar market. Fire retardancy of polymeric materials is an important component of fire safety. Fire retardants either reduce the likelihood of ignition and/or reduce the rate of flame spread and hence, escalation of fire. The need to comply with safety legislations forces industry to use fire retardants in materials in order to save lives. With growing consumer demands and new legislations, the development of new systems is an on-going process, which also involves understanding their mechanisms of action. This book covers the latest developments in fire retardant strategies including: " new fire retardant systems (including nanoparticulate fillers, sometimes combined with conventional fire retardants) " intumescent formulations and their recent applications in bulk polymers, fibres and textiles " test-methods for material flammability " material-specific aspects of combustion, smoke and toxicity. Fire retardant strategies covered, include the use of synergistic combinations of alumina with organoclay, organophosphorus compunds, silica and organosilicones, clay-phosphate combinations and a novel tecnhique for investigating fire rerardant behaviour. The section on nanoparticulate fillers includes an investigation on the effect of filler shape, the use of carbon nanofibres and nanotubes, the interpretation of nanocomposite behaviour in the cone calorimeter, and groundbreaking new research on the influence of rheological properties on burning behaviour. The coverage of fibres and textiles includes a discussion on trends in textile fire retardancy and flammability regulations, and some novel halogen-free approaches to fire retardancy of cellulose, acrylic and polypropylene textiles. Finally, the influence of fire retardants on fire toxicity is discussed in detail, followed by an investigation of the toxic products from burning fire retarded polymer nanocomposites. This book will update fire retardant materials' developers with latest in research and design of new fire retardant materials. It will also provide a snapshot of the state-of-the-art for a range of other groups including environmentalists looking for alternatives to brominated flame retardants and engineers needing to use fire safe materials in their projects.
N. Cinausero, B. Howell, G. Schmaucks, G. Marosi, Z. Brzozwski, J. L. Cuesta, ... B. B. Marosfoi, Fire Retardancy of Polymers: New Strategies and Mechanisms, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008.
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£129.95
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Fire Retardancy of Polymers
£139.99
Table of contents
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Chapter 1: Synergy between Nanometric Alumina and Organoclay in Conventional Fire Retardant Systems for Ethylene–Vinyl Acetatep17-27ByN. Cinausero;N. CinauseroEcole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion6, avenue de Clavières30319 Alès CedexFranceSearch for other works by this author on:J.-M. Lopez-Cuesta;J.-M. Lopez-CuestaEcole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion6, avenue de Clavières30319 Alès CedexFranceSearch for other works by this author on:F. Laoutid;F. LaoutidEcole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion6, avenue de Clavières30319 Alès CedexFranceSearch for other works by this author on:A. Piechaczyk;A. PiechaczykNexans Research Center170 Av. Jean Jaurès, 69633 Lyon Cedex 07FranceSearch for other works by this author on:E. LeroyE. LeroyEcole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion6, avenue de Clavières30319 Alès CedexFranceLaboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA)37, Bd de l'Université44606 Saint-Nazaire BP 420 CedexFranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 2: Strained Organophosphorus Compounds as Reactive Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materialsp28-34ByBob A. HowellBob A. HowellCenter for Applications in Polymer Science, Central Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMIUSASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 3: Amorphous Silicon Dioxide as Additive to Improve the Fire Retardancy of Polyamidesp35-48ByG. Schmaucks;G. SchmaucksElkem AS, MaterialsP.O. Box 8126KristiansandNO-4675NorwaySearch for other works by this author on:B. Friede;B. FriedeElkem AS, MaterialsP.O. Box 8126KristiansandNO-4675NorwaySearch for other works by this author on:H. Schreiner;H. SchreinerElkem AS, MaterialsP.O. Box 8126KristiansandNO-4675NorwaySearch for other works by this author on:J.O. RoszinskiJ.O. RoszinskiElkem AS, MaterialsP.O. Box 8126KristiansandNO-4675NorwaySearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 4: Use of Organosilicone Composites as Flame Retardant Additives and Coatings for Polypropylenep49-58ByB.B. MarosfŐi;B.B. MarosfŐiBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsDepartment of Organic Chemical TechnologyBudafoki út 8.H-1111 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:A. Szabó;A. SzabóBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsDepartment of Organic Chemical TechnologyBudafoki út 8.H-1111 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:K. Kiss;K. KissBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsDepartment of Organic Chemical TechnologyBudafoki út 8.H-1111 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:G. MarosiG. MarosiBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsDepartment of Organic Chemical TechnologyBudafoki út 8.H-1111 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 5: Organomodified Ultrafine Kaolin for Mechanical Reinforcement and Improved Flame Retardancy of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalatep59-73ByB. Swoboda;B. SwobodaEcole des Mines d’AlèsCentre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion (CMGD), 6 Av. de Clavières30319Alès CedexFranceSearch for other works by this author on:E. Leroy;E. LeroyEcole des Mines d’AlèsCentre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion (CMGD), 6 Av. de Clavières30319Alès CedexFranceCurrent address: Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA)37, Bd de l'Université, 44606 Saint-NazaireBP 420CedexFranceSearch for other works by this author on:J.-M. Lopez Cuesta;J.-M. Lopez CuestaEcole des Mines d’AlèsCentre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion (CMGD), 6 Av. de Clavières30319Alès CedexFranceSearch for other works by this author on:C. Artigo;C. ArtigoLaboratório de Processamento Mineral (LAPROM)Centro de Tecnologia – UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Caixa Postal 15021-91501-970Porto AlegreBrasilSearch for other works by this author on:C. Petter;C. PetterLaboratório de Processamento Mineral (LAPROM)Centro de Tecnologia – UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Caixa Postal 15021-91501-970Porto AlegreBrasilSearch for other works by this author on:C.H. SampaioC.H. SampaioLaboratório de Processamento Mineral (LAPROM)Centro de Tecnologia – UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Caixa Postal 15021-91501-970Porto AlegreBrasilSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 6: Complex Micro-analysis Assisted Design of Fire-Retardant Nanocomposites – Contribution to the Nanomechanismp74-91ByA. Szabó;A. SzabóDepartment of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics1521 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:B. B. MarosfŐi;B. B. MarosfŐiDepartment of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics1521 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:P. Anna;P. AnnaDepartment of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics1521 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:Gy. MarosiGy. MarosiDepartment of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics1521 BudapestHungarySearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 7: Impact of Nanoparticle Shape on the Flammability of Nanocompositesp95-109ByF. Yang;F. YangCollege of Science, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFl, 32901USASearch for other works by this author on:I. Bogdanova;I. BogdanovaCollege of Science, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFl, 32901USASearch for other works by this author on:G. L. NelsonG. L. NelsonCollege of Science, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFl, 32901USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 8: Thermal and Combustion Behaviour of Polymer–Carbon Nanofibre Compositesp110-124ByD. Tabuani;D. TabuaniCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plasticheviale T. Michel 15AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:S. Pagliari;S. PagliariCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plasticheviale T. Michel 15AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:W. Gianelli;W. GianelliCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plasticheviale T. Michel 15AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:G. CaminoG. CaminoCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plasticheviale T. Michel 15AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 9: Combination of Carbon Nanotubes with Fire Retardants: Thermal and Fire Properties of Polystyrene Nanocompositesp125-146ByFlorentina Tutunea;Florentina TutuneaDepartment of Chemistry, Marquette UniversityPO Box 1881MilwaukeeWI 53201USASearch for other works by this author on:Charles A. WilkieCharles A. WilkieDepartment of Chemistry, Marquette UniversityPO Box 1881MilwaukeeWI 53201USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 10: Significant Assessment of Nanocomposites’ Combustion Behaviour by the Appropriate Use of the Cone Calorimeterp147-159ByA. Fina;A. FinaCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plastiche – Politecnico di Torino, V.le T. Michel5-15100 AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:F. Canta;F. CantaCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plastiche – Politecnico di Torino, V.le T. Michel5-15100 AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:A. Castrovinci;A. CastrovinciCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plastiche – Politecnico di Torino, V.le T. Michel5-15100 AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:G. CaminoG. CaminoCentro di Cultura per l’Ingegneria delle Materie Plastiche – Politecnico di Torino, V.le T. Michel5-15100 AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 11: Phosphorus-Based Epoxy Resin–Nanoclay Compositesp160-167ByJianwei Hao;Jianwei HaoNational Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081People's Republic of ChinaSearch for other works by this author on:Yanbing Xiong;Yanbing XiongNational Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081People's Republic of ChinaSearch for other works by this author on:Na WuNa WuNational Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081People's Republic of ChinaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 12: Study of the Relationship Between Flammability and Melt Rheological Properties of Flame-Retarded Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Containing Nanoclaysp168-183ByS. Nazare;S. NazareCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonDeane CampusBoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:T. R. Hull;T. R. HullCentre for Fire Hazards Science, University of Central LancashirePrestonPR1 2HEUKSearch for other works by this author on:B. Biswas;B. BiswasCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonDeane CampusBoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:F. Samyn;F. SamynProcédés d’Elaboration de Revêtements Fonctionnels (PERF)LSPES, UMR-CNRS 8008, ENSCL, BP 90108, 59650 Villeneuve d’AscqFranceSearch for other works by this author on:S. Bourbigot;S. BourbigotProcédés d’Elaboration de Revêtements Fonctionnels (PERF)LSPES, UMR-CNRS 8008, ENSCL, BP 90108, 59650 Villeneuve d’AscqFranceSearch for other works by this author on:C. Jama;C. JamaProcédés d’Elaboration de Revêtements Fonctionnels (PERF)LSPES, UMR-CNRS 8008, ENSCL, BP 90108, 59650 Villeneuve d’AscqFranceSearch for other works by this author on:A. Castrovinci;A. CastrovinciPolitecnico di Torino Sede di Alessandria-Centro di Cultura per l'Ingegneria delle Materie PlasticheViale Teresa Michel 5 15100AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:A. Fina;A. FinaPolitecnico di Torino Sede di Alessandria-Centro di Cultura per l'Ingegneria delle Materie PlasticheViale Teresa Michel 5 15100AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:G. CaminoG. CaminoPolitecnico di Torino Sede di Alessandria-Centro di Cultura per l'Ingegneria delle Materie PlasticheViale Teresa Michel 5 15100AlessandriaItalySearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 13: Thermal and Fire Performance of Flame-Retarded Epoxy Resin: Investigating Interaction Between Resorcinol Bis(Diphenyl Phosphate) and Epoxy Nanocompositesp184-205ByCharalampos Katsoulis;Charalampos KatsoulisCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:Everson Kandare;Everson KandareCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:Baljinder K. KandolaBaljinder K. KandolaCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 14: Porosity Estimates of Intumescent Chars by Image Analysisp209-224ByJ.E.J. StaggsJ.E.J. StaggsEnergy Resources Research Institute, University of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 15: Efficient Modelling of Temperatures in Steel Plates Protected by Intumescent Coating in Firep225-239ByJ.F. Yuan;J.F. YuanSchool of Mechanical Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, The University of ManchesterM60 1QDUKSearch for other works by this author on:Y.C. WangY.C. WangSchool of Mechanical Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, The University of ManchesterM60 1QDUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 16: Fire Retardancy and Fire Protection of Materials using Intumescent Coatings – A Versatile Solution?p240-252ByS. Duquesne;S. DuquesneLaboratoire des Procédés d'Elaboration de Revêtements Fonctionnels (PERF) UMR-CNRS 8008/LSPESEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL) BP 9010859652Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex -FranceSearch for other works by this author on:M. Jimenez;M. JimenezLaboratoire des Procédés d'Elaboration de Revêtements Fonctionnels (PERF) UMR-CNRS 8008/LSPESEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL) BP 9010859652Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex -FranceSearch for other works by this author on:S. BourbigotS. BourbigotLaboratoire des Procédés d'Elaboration de Revêtements Fonctionnels (PERF) UMR-CNRS 8008/LSPESEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL) BP 9010859652Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex -FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 17: Trends in Textile Flame Retardants – a Market Reviewp255-265ByR. Hicklin;R. HicklinRhodia UK LimitedTrinity StreetOldbury West MidlandsUKB69 4WDSearch for other works by this author on:R. Padda;R. PaddaRhodia UK LimitedTrinity StreetOldbury West MidlandsUKB69 4WDSearch for other works by this author on:G. LenotteG. LenotteRhodia UK LimitedTrinity StreetOldbury West MidlandsUKB69 4WDSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 18: New and Potential Textile Flammability Regulations and Test Methods within the USAp266-293ByP.J. WakelynP.J. WakelynNational Cotton Council of America (retired)1520 New Hampshire AveWashington, DC20036USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 19: Flame Retardancy of Cellulosic Fabrics: Interactions between Nitrogen Additives and Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardantsp294-306BySabyasachi Gaan;Sabyasachi GaanEMPALerchenfeldstrasse 5, St GallenCH-9014SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Gang Sun;Gang SunUniversity of CaliforniaDivision of Textiles and Clothing, DavisCalifornia-95616USASearch for other works by this author on:Katherine Hutches;Katherine HutchesUniversity of CaliforniaDivision of Textiles and Clothing, DavisCalifornia-95616USASearch for other works by this author on:Mark EngelhardMark EngelhardEnvironmental Molecular Science LaboratoryInterfacial and Nanoscale Science Facility, 3335Q AvenueRichlandWashington-99354USASearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 20: Synergistic Flame Retardant Copolymeric Polyacrylonitrile Fibres Containing Dispersed Phyllosilicate Clays and Ammonium Polyphosphatep307-330ByA.R. Horrocks;A.R. HorrocksCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonBoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:J. Hicks;J. HicksPresent address: 22 Jephson Road, St JudesPlymouthPL4 9ETUKSearch for other works by this author on:P.J. Davies;P.J. DaviesPresent address: TA Instruments Ltd., Fleming Centre, Fleming WayCrawleyRH10 9NBUKSearch for other works by this author on:A. Alderson;A. AldersonCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonBoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:J. TaylorJ. TaylorCentre for Materials Research and Innovation, University of BoltonBoltonBL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 21: Flame Retardance of Polyacrylonitriles Covalently Modified with Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-Containing Groupsp331-340ByJohn R. Ebdon;John R. EbdonThe Polymer Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUKSearch for other works by this author on:Barry J. Hunt;Barry J. HuntThe Polymer Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUKSearch for other works by this author on:Paul Joseph;Paul JosephFireSERT, School of the Built Environment, University of Ulster at JordanstownNewtownabbeyCounty AntrimNorthern IrelandBT37 0QBUKSearch for other works by this author on:Tara K. WilkieTara K. WilkieThe Polymer Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 22: Novel Fire Retardant Backcoatings for Textilesp341-358ByM.A. HassanM.A. HassanNational Institute of Standards – Fire Protection LaboratoryTersa St. El Haram, GizaP.O. Box 136Code 12211EgyptSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 23: Effect of Yarn, Fabric Construction and Colour in Respect of Red Reflectance and Pigmentation on the Thermal Properties and Limiting Oxygen Index of Flame Retardant Polypropylene Fabricsp359-377ByC. Kindness;C. KindnessCamira Fabrics Ltd. Hopton MillsMirfieldWF14 8HEUKSearch for other works by this author on:B.K. Kandola;B.K. KandolaCentre for Materials Research and Innovation (CMRI), University of BoltonBolton BL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:A.R. HorrocksA.R. HorrocksCentre for Materials Research and Innovation (CMRI), University of BoltonBolton BL3 5ABUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 24: Influence of Fire Retardants on Toxic and Environmental Hazards from Firesp381-404ByDavid PurserDavid PurserHartford Environmental Research1 LowlandsHatfieldHertfordshireUKAL9 5DYSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chapter 25: Assessment of Fire Toxicity from Polymer Nanocompositesp405-417ByAnna A. Stec;Anna A. StecCentre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central LancashirePrestonPR1 2HEUKSearch for other works by this author on:T. Richard HullT. Richard HullCentre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central LancashirePrestonPR1 2HEUKSearch for other works by this author on:
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