23: Temperature Programmed Techniques

Thermal methods follow a chemical reaction/process as a function of the temperature and can be divided into three categories based on the gaseous reaction environment under which they are conducted (inert, oxidising or reducing). The techniques are applicable to both single crystal model catalyst systems under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and real catalytic systems comprising high surface area nanostructures (the focus of this section), and thus come close to bridging the pressure gap between fundamental surface science and applied catalysis.