Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing
Toxicity testing is used to assess the safety or hazards presented by substances such as industrial chemicals, consumer products, and pharmaceuticals. At present, many methods involve laboratory animals. Alternative procedures, some involving human cell-based technologies, are now being developed which reduce, refine, or replace animal usage and minimize the pain and distress caused. These new tests must protect public health and the environment at least as well as currently accepted methods.
This book describes the ever-expanding "toolbox" of methods available to assess toxicity. Such techniques often result from our growing understanding of the biochemical and cellular pathways that mediate toxicity mechanisms. This permits evaluations of information generated from several sources to generate a "weight of evidence". By combining in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo methods with technologies that rely on biochemical- and cell-based in vitro assays, toxicologists are developing mechanistically based alternatives to live animal experimentation. This text also explores the complexities associated with adequate validation, and the assessment of test reliability and relevance. It provides an essential reference source for postgraduates, academics and industrialists working in this rapidly changing area.
Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
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Table of contents
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CHAPTER 1: History of the 3Rs in Toxicity Testing: From Russell and Burch to 21st Century Toxicologyp1-43ByMartin L. Stephens;Martin L. StephensCenter for Alternatives to Animal TestingJohns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W7032, Baltimore, MD 21205USASearch for other works by this author on:Nina S. MakNina S. MakAlternatives Research & Development Foundation801 Old York Road, #316, Jenkintown, PA 19046USA[email protected][email protected]Search for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 2: Regulatory Testing To Inform Decisions: National and International Requirementsp44-98ByJohn ‘Jack’ R. Fowle III;John ‘Jack’ R. Fowle IIIScience to Inform, L.L.C. (United States Environmental Protection Agency, ret.)155 Terrells Mtn, Pittsboro, NC 27312USASearch for other works by this author on:Abigail Jacobs;Abigail JacobsUnited States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993USASearch for other works by this author on:Suzanne FitzpatrickSuzanne FitzpatrickUnited States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park MD 20740USA[email protected]Search for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 3: Efforts Towards International Harmonization of Acceptable Alternatives to Animal Testingp99-118ByChantra EskesChantra EskesSearch for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 4: Refinement Alternatives: Minimizing Pain and Distress in In Vivo Toxicity Testingp119-162ByJon RichmondJon RichmondEthical Biomedical Research and Testing – Advice and ConsultancyDoubledykes, Carslogie Road, Cupar, Fife KY15 4HYUK[email protected]Search for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 5: Computers Instead of Cells: Computational Modeling of Chemical Toxicityp163-182ByHao Zhu;Hao ZhuThe Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyCamden, NJ 08102USADepartment of ChemistryRutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102USASearch for other works by this author on:Marlene Kim;Marlene KimThe Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyCamden, NJ 08102USASearch for other works by this author on:Liying Zhang;Liying ZhangPfizer Global Research and Development at GrotonGroton, CT 06340USASearch for other works by this author on:Alexander SedykhAlexander SedykhDivision of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599USA[email protected]Search for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 6: Acute Systemic Toxicity: Oral, Dermal and Inhalation Exposuresp183-214ByDavid J. AndrewDavid J. AndrewSearch for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 7: In Vitro Toxicology Models for Acute Eye and Skin Irritation Assessmentp215-243ByHans RaabeHans RaabeSearch for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 8: Skin Sensitization Testingp244-264ByDavid BasketterDavid BasketterSearch for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 9: Integrated Approaches to Safety Testing: General Principles and Skin Sensitization as Test Casep265-288ByAndreas NatschAndreas NatschSearch for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 10: In Vitro Receptor Binding Assaysp289-310ByJ. Charles EldridgeJ. Charles EldridgeDepartment of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083USA[email protected]Search for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 11: Carcinogenicity Testingp311-329ByErrol ZeigerErrol ZeigerSearch for other works by this author on:
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CHAPTER 12: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Testing: Issues for 3Rs Implementationp330-347ByStefano Lorenzetti;Stefano LorenzettiIstituto Superiore di Sanità – ISSDpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 RomeItaly[email protected]Search for other works by this author on:Alberto MantovaniAlberto MantovaniIstituto Superiore di Sanità – ISSDpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 RomeItaly[email protected]Search for other works by this author on:
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