Factors Influencing Expression and Specificity of Carboxylesterases in Skin: Implications for Local and Systemic Paraben Ester Toxicity
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Published:05 Dec 2013
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Series: Issues in Toxicology
F. M. Williams, V. Ravi, S. J. Boulton, E. Mutch, C. Jewell, and S. C. Wilkinson, in Advances in Dermatological Sciences, ed. R. Chilcott and K. R. Brain, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, pp. 6-16.
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Carboxylesterases (CES) are present in a number of skin cells and have known physiological and exogenous substrates including drugs, chemicals, pro-drugs, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides, cosmetic chemicals and environmental toxicants. A typical reaction scheme for CES is presented in Figure 1. During drug discovery and design, an ester linkage is frequently included to selectively target a pro-drug to a tissue or to improve dermal absorption and deliver a novel compound. Skin is an important tissue regulating uptake of environmental chemicals as well as a delivery site for drugs targeted locally to the skin and systemically.
