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This chapter reviews studies published during the period of May 2021 to April 2022 that have applied magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate processes occurring in living systems. In Section 1, new hardware, acquisition methods and analytical processes that are applicable to in vivo investigations are presented. Studies in pre-clinical models and the clinical environment are surveyed in Sections 2 and 3 respectively. The review in these two latter sections is subdivided into physiological categories, with each of these sub-divided according to the category of disease or the type of metabolic investigation.

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