Chapter 6: Two-photon Fluorescent Probes
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Published:14 Apr 2023
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Special Collection: 2023 ebook collection
V. Juvekar and H. M. Kim, in Fluorescent Chemosensors, ed. L. Wu, A. C. Sedgwick, X. He, and T. D. James, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023, ch. 6, pp. 106-123.
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Two-photon microscopy (TPM) is an indispensable bioimaging tool. TPM, which uses photons of a near-infrared wavelength as an excitation source for fluorophores, can result in deeper tissue images, which can potentially be measured beyond a depth of 1000 µm with relative stability in biological systems. With continuous development in deep-tissue optical microscopy and improvements in imaging algorithms, TPM is gaining immense support in biomedical applications. Furthermore, it has propelled the continuous development of appropriate two-photon (TP) probes with improved sensitivities for measuring target analytes in biological specimens. In this chapter, the photo-physiological process, basic TP probe design strategies, and representative TP sensors of TPM that researchers have reported are presented to provide significant information regarding specific targets in biological systems.