Multiplexed electrochemical detection of biomarkers in biological samples

The ability to detect multiple biological molecules using multiplexed electrochemical biosensors is critical for advancing disease diagnostic technologies. Many potential disease biomarkers can be detected in biological samples such as blood, saliva, urine, and sweat for non-invasive diagnostic tests. Multiplexed detection of biomarkers in biological samples can significantly improve the clinical accuracy of a diagnostic test, and multiplexed electrochemical methods are advantageous for the design of laboratory and point-of-care tests. This review discusses recent developments of electrochemical biosensors for multiplexed detection of clinically relevant biomarkers in biological samples. Multiplexed detection of small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids are highlighted. Additionally, we discuss challenges and future directions for translating multiplexed electrochemical biosensors to clinical applications.