Electrochemistry at additively manufactured electrodes

This chapter presents a brief guide for those who are interested in the use of additively manufactured (3D printed) electrodes for electroanalysis. We focus on the electrochemistry of electrodes fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing technique using polymeric filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA) containing carbon conductive particles (e.g., graphene, graphite or carbon black). Electrode surface treatment, sources of conductive filaments (commercial and lab-made filaments) and 3D printing parameters aiming at improved electrochemical activity are discussed herein. We show the voltammetric results obtained with common redox probes to investigate the electrochemical activity of such 3D printed electrodes, before and after surface treatment, to illustrate the expected voltammetric data to the readers.