Chapter 7: N₂ Electrochemical Activation

Catalytic conversion of dinitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) and nitric acid (HNO₃) is essential for the production of nitrogen-based fertilisers. The activation of N₂ is the critical first step to accomplish this goal. As N₂ contains a triple bond (N≡N), its activation and conversion to ammonia and nitrates has been a global challenge for over a century. Historically, precedent suggests that the most efficient way to activate N₂ and synthesise NH₃ is through a high temperature and pressure process (Haber–Bosch process). Recently, novel approaches have emerged to activate N₂ and produce NH₃ at lower temperatures and pressures. These approaches include direct electrochemical approaches, plasma-mediated systems, and indirect electrochemical approaches (lithium mediated). In this chapter, some of the energy, economic, and materials considerations for these novel technologies are considered in this context.