Chapter 2: Green Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors

Biosensors play a crucial role in various domains due to their ability to accurately and sensitively detect and quantify biological substances. They are extensively used in medical diagnostics for identifying ailments such as infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders, enabling timely intervention. Moreover, biosensors serve as essential tools for monitoring environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides, aiding in risk identification and environmental condition evaluation. However, the detection performance of biosensors heavily relies on their selectivity, which is influenced by the chemistry of electrode surfaces. Recent research focuses on modifying electrode surfaces with various nanomaterial combinations to enhance detection performance. Electrode modifications, including the addition of stable coatings, enhance biosensor stability and resistance to harsh conditions. Accelerated electron transfer kinetics have been observed in electrodes modified with certain semiconductor nanoparticles, further improving biosensor performance. The growing popularity of modified electrodes has led to increased interest in greener approaches for biosensor development. Green synthesis methods offer environmentally friendly alternatives by utilizing natural sources to produce biocompatible and sustainable nanomaterials. These methods reduce dependence on harsh chemicals, minimize environmental impact, and enhance the biocompatibility, affordability, and sustainability of biosensors. However, challenges such as variable reproducibility and scalability issues persist, requiring further investigation and optimization. Understanding the mechanisms and roles of green synthesis techniques in biosensor applications is crucial for large-scale implementation. Research in this area contributes significantly to advancing the use of green synthesis-based biosensors.