Chapter 1: Brief Overview of Different Biosensors: Properties, Applications, and Their Role in Chemistry

Biosensors are cutting-edge instruments with the unique ability to identify biological molecules with extreme sensitivity and specificity, changing industries such as food safety, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. To transform the biological reaction into a detectable signal, their design usually combines a transducer with a biological detection element, such as enzymes, antibodies, or nucleic acids. They are extremely useful in various applications due to characteristics such as mobility, low detection limits, and rapid response. The principles of electrochemical processes, enzymatic reactions, and affinity-based interactions underpin the functioning of biosensors. Optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors are among the types available; each has a unique set of benefits based on the intended use. Applications include pathogen detection, environmental pollution monitoring, medical diagnostics, and food safety and quality assurance. Further developments in disease diagnosis, tailored medication, and environmental monitoring are anticipated due to their adaptability and specificity, which are continuing to spur innovation.