Chapter 4: Carbon-based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation

In recent decades, substantial progress has been made in the domain of greener renewable energy resources, addressing the urgent concern of depleting fossil fuel reserves. Consequently, the shift towards greener energy to replace traditional fossil fuels is essential, with hydrogen gas emerging as a significant eco-friendly fuel with a high calorific value. Among the various methods of H₂ production, photocatalytic hydrogen production is drawing a lot of attention. In the last few decades, conventional photocatalysts, like TiO₂, CdS, etc., have been utilized to generate solar fuels; however, they face limitations, such as photocorrosion and a wide band gap. Hence, scientists are actively striving to create a reliable, cost-effective and light-efficient photocatalyst using carbon-based materials. In particular, carbon nanotubes, carbon nitride, etc. have emerged as efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Their exceptional properties, including high electrical conductivity, larger specific surface area, electronic structure and mechanical strength, make them ideal for photocatalytic H₂ generation applications. This chapter thoroughly examines carbon-based photocatalysts for hydrogen generation, their types, properties, optimization strategies, recent advancements, and their vital role in sustainable hydrogen production, underscoring cost-effectiveness and ample supply for a greener future.