Subject Index

adiabatic self-heating R₇₀ test 104–105

advance informed agreement (AIA) procedure 50

African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) 46

agronomic phosphorus tests 192

air pollution 278

Amazon bioeconomy

• conservation and sustainable management 270

• conservation models 270

• degradation 269

• economic activities 269

• ecosystem services 268

• renewable biological resources 268

• sustainable agricultural practices 268

• sustainable pathway 269

Americas and legislation

• Latin America 55–56

• Mexico City 56–57

ant colony optimisation 18

applied smouldering systems 177, 178, 206–207

Australian coal mining industry 92. See also spontaneous coal combustion, Australia

battery second use (B2U) concept 165

behaviour change

• consumption behaviour 20–21

• environmental education 23

• gender 21–22

• initiatives 22–23

• non-capitalist measures 21

• nudges 21

• resilience 23

• social marketing 21

• socio-organisational constructs 21

• transitional approach 22

biodiversity 4–5, 39

• conservation outcomes and mechanism 41–42

• in India 76–78

• loss 278

bioeconomy 19. See also Amazon bioeconomy

biological resources 4–5

Birds Directive 57

bitumen degradation 181–183

Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries 16–17

capitalist globalisation 2

carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide (CO/CO₂) ratio 100

carbon monoxide make (CO make) 99

carbon monoxide/oxygen consumed ratio 99–100

Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCC) 5

CCBT recycling project. See Circular Colorado’s Brooks Tower recycling project

C40 global network 47–48

Changwon Initiative 54

Circular Colorado’s Brooks Tower (CCBT) recycling project 231

• adaptive management 244–245

• challenges 235

• circular economy 234

• collection methods 239

• education 238

• enhancing access 245

• environmental justice 247

• Global South nations 246–247

• impact 239–240

• implementation 234–235

• limitations 235

• long-term sustainability 243–244

• objectives 234

• programme design 236

• vs. RCMC Recycling Pilot 240–241

• resident participation strategy 237–238

• socio-economic benefit 247

• stakeholder involvement 237

Circular Critical Materials Supply Chains (CLIMATES) programme 7

circular economy 14, 121, 234

• education and awareness campaigns 136

• gold consumption 134

• implementation challenges 136–138

• infinite growth 134

• mineral demand and consumption 131–135

• minimum reserve strategy 134

• planetary boundary framework 134–136

• policy interventions 136

• public–private partnerships 138

• recycled products demand 138

• regulatory frameworks 136

• small-scale mining operations 134

Circular Economy Promotion Law 18

citizen science approach 54

Climate Change Act 2017 59

Climate Neutral Now programme 52

CLIMATES programme. See Circular Critical Materials Supply Chains programme

coal mining, in Australia 92. See also spontaneous coal combustion, Australia

cobalt 6

column leaching experiments 192

Committee of Permanent Representatives (CPR) 44

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 41

community-based recycling initiatives 225

computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 111

concentration ratios 100

Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016 79

consumption-based approach (CoBA) 283

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 49–50

Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification (UNCCD) 50–51

copper demand and production 132, 133

corporate sustainability principles 13

cost–benefit analysis (CBA) 283

COVID-19 pandemic 1, 279–280

Coward’s triangle 113

CPT test. See crossing point temperature test

Critical Raw Materials Act 277

CRMA. See European Critical Raw Materials Act

crossing point temperature (CPT) test 105–106

decarbonisation, LAC region

• Amazon and bioeconomy 268–270

• energy sector transition 267–268

• land use change sector transition 265–267

• socio-economic diversity 264

• sustainable finance policies 260–264

desertification and land degradation 40

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 110

Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) 82

ECBC. See Energy Conservation Building Code

ecological economics 14

economic rationality 8

ecotourism 81

electric vehicles (EVs) 6–7, 24

electrochemical sensors 101

employment benefit analysis (EBA) 283

Energy Conservation Act, 2001 78

Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 78

energy efficiency initiatives, China 58

Environmental Data Services (ENDS) 13

environmental disasters 9

environmental fatalism 73

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive 146–147

Environmentalism, India 69–70

environmental justice 247

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 223

environmental, social and governance (ESG) metrics 145–146, 164–165

Ethical Globalization Initiative 14

Europe

• agricultural practices 57

• biodiversity loss reduction policy measures 57–58

• data collection and monitoring systems 58

• forestry practices 57

• urbanisation 57

European Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) 142, 144

• certification scheme 161

• certification schemes 147–148

• data analysis 153–154

• data collection and sampling 149, 151–153

• demand reduction pathways 166

• effective implementation conditions 158–160

• Environmental Impact Assessment directive 146–147

• ESG criteria 167–168

• extractive permits facilitation 147, 148

• fast-tracked permitting process 156–157

• Habitats Directive 147

• Impact Assessment Report 147

• implementation challenges 150

• keywords selection criteria 149

• life cycle assessments 167

• lithium value chain stakeholders 149

• mining projects timeline and lithium demand 160–161

• mining sector regulations 147–149

• permit-granting process 146

• permitting process 149–150

• research limitations 154

• responsible mining 161–166

• semi-structured interviews 150–151

• social licence 148

• stakeholders perspective 150

Evolutionary Theory of the Firm 10

explosive gas, coal mine

• flammability limits 112–113

• ignition source 112

• methane explosion 114–115

extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes 24, 284

Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI) 145

Failed Value Exchanges 121

Farm to Fork programme 41

flaming combustion 178

food wastage 2

Ford–Budd models 12

fossil fuels 5–6

G20 Summit and Declaration 17, 81–82

gas chromatography 102–104

gas evolution test 107–108

gender equality 53, 82

Ghana Fisheries Commission 4

Global Biodiversity Framework 48

global environmental governance 20

global governance system

• consumption-based approach 283

• cost–benefit analysis 283

• discounting 284–285

• employment benefit analysis 283

• enhanced resources sharing 287

• extended producer responsibility schemes 284

• holistic policy framework 282–285

• land-carrying capacity 283

• participatory approach, decision-making 285–286

• policies and laws 282–284

• resource flows complexity 286

• social equity 283–284

• targeted and equitable funding 287–288

global policies and national laws

• biodiversity conservation law 41

• legal mechanisms 40

• legislative initiatives 53–59

• organisations 42–48

• policymaking 41

• resource conservation 40–41

• UN Convention on Biological Diversity 59

• United Nations treaties 45–46, 48–53

global population 2

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 12

Graham’s ratio (GR) 99–100

Green Climate Fund (GCF) 270

Green Deal 16

Green Development Plan 82

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 6, 80, 278

green technologies 24

greenwashing 261

guar gum-based gels 111

Habitats Directive 57, 147

Hedley method 189–191

holistic governance approach 79

hydrogen 6

Identity-based Motivational Theory 22

incineration

• per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 203

• polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans 196–197

• sewage sludge 177

India and resource consumption

• carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions 74–75

• climate change 74

• economic drivers 71–72

• economic growth 70

• electricity demand 70–71

• energy consumption 70

• environmentalism 69–70

• food security and biodiversity 76–78

• fuel energy requirements 71

• gross domestic product 68

• oil and natural gas reserves 71

• policy and legislative measures 78–82

• population 68

• socio-demographic drivers 72, 75–76

• socio-psychological drivers 73–74

• stakeholder engagement and awareness 82–84

• sustainable practices 73–74

• waste management 75

industrial ecology 14, 18

industrialization, India 72

inert porous media (IPM) systems 184

Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) 145

International Natural Resources Policies and Laws. See also global policies and national laws

• biodiversity 39–40

• climate change 39

• desertification and land degradation 40

• public engagement 60

• resource extraction and processing 40

International Platform on Sustainable Finance (IPSF) 263

International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) World Energy Transition 2023 6

International Resource Panel (IRP) 47

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 42–43

iridium 7

IRMA. See Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance

IUCN. See International Union for Conservation of Nature

Jevons Paradox 130

Jones–Trickett ratio (JTR) 100

justice 20

land-carrying capacity (LCC) 283

land degradation neutrality (LDN) 50–51

Land for Life Programme 54–55

Land Ordinance Act of 2014 72

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries, decarbonization 280

• Amazon rainforest 268–270

• climate change 257–258

• climate readiness 259

• economic growth 260

• energy sector transition 267–268

• fossil fuel dependency 259

• land use change sector transition 265–267

• nature and biodiversity 258–259

Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) 192–193

legal mechanisms 40

legal obligations 42

legislative initiatives

• Americas 55–57

• Australasia 59

• Canada framework approach 57

• China 58

• Europe 57–58

• global level 53–55

Lima Work Programme 53

liquefied natural gas (LNG) 7

lithium 7

lithium mining permitting process, Europe

• adverse impacts 144–145

• comprehensive permitting process 157–158

• energy transition permitting process 155–156

• ESG metrics 145–146, 164–165

• European Critical Raw Materials Act (see European Critical Raw Materials Act)

• European Green Deal 141, 143

• fast-tracked permitting process 156–157

• green mining 145

• lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries 141, 143–144

• onshoring lithium extraction 142

• policy recommendations 162

• recycling and reuse infrastructures 165–166

• water pollution 144

Living in Harmony with Nature programme 60

living modified organisms (LMO) movement 50

lower explosive limit (LEL) 112–113

marginalist revolution 8

market-based approach 18

Marrakech Partnership 52

MDGs. See Millennium Development Goals

methane explosion

• coal self-heating event 114

• deflagration 114

• mechanism 114

• prevention 115

microfinance and microcredit 10

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 12

mineral demand 131–134

mineral resources mining 281

• and circular economy 131–138

• ethical labour practices 122

• extraction challenges 122

• human resources 125

• long-range planning 125

• low-grade deposits 126

• vs. mineral reserves 124–125

• mine waste 126

• orebody characteristics and configuration 127–128

• and recycling 129–131

• significant capital investment 125

• sustainable development 122

• (un)sustainable machine model 123–131

minimum reserve strategy 134

minimum self-heating temperature test (SHT_min) 106

Minimum Support Price (MSP) 80

mining activities 122

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) 70

Nagoya Protocol 50

National Action Plan on Climate Change in 2008 79

National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) 53, 286

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) 52, 286

natural resources

• biological resources 4–5

• fossil fuels 5–6

• policy development and implementation 40

• strategic control 39

• water 5

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 47

Notre Dame Global Adaptation (ND-GAIN) Index 258

NRDC. See Natural Resources Defense Council

Oxygen Nose Point (ONP) 112–113

Pan African Payments and Settlement System (PAPSS) 17

pellistors 101

per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

• applications 201

• hydrothermal treatments 203

• incineration 203

• land-applied sludges 202

• pyrolysis 203

• sewage sludge 201–202

• smouldering combustion 204–206

• thermal treatments 203

• ultrasonic treatment 203

• USEPA methods 201

• WWTP sources 201

Personal Environmental Stewardship (PES) 73

pesticide limits 41

PFAS. See per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

phosphorus recovery, sewage sludge

• availability assessment 188–191

• bioavailable phosphorus 187–188

• extraction 186–187

• fertilisers 185

• leaching and assessment methods 191–193

• sequential extraction 188–191

• smouldered sewage sludge ash 193

planetary boundary framework 134–136

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)

• chlorophenol condensation 197

• in combustion systems 195–196

• de novo synthesis 197–198

• heterogeneous pathway 196

• high sulfur-to-chlorine ratio 198–199

• homogeneous formation 196

• incineration 196–197

• incomplete combustion products 197

• smouldering systems 199–200

• toxic equivalency factors 195, 196

• toxic equivalent quantity 195

Pooyamkutty Project 78

potentially toxic elements (PTEs)

• incineration 193–194

• smouldering systems 194–195

Precautionary Principle and Intergenerational Equity 41

preventative environmental approach 70

product innovation 23–24

Race to Zero programme 52

rare earth elements 6–7

RCMC Recycling Pilot. See Recycle Colorado’s Multi-Family Complex Recycling Pilot

Recycle Colorado’s Multi-Family Complex (RCMC) Recycling Pilot 231

• adaptive management 244–245

• vs. CCBT recycling project 241

• collection methods 238–239

• community empowerment and participation 245–246

• data collection 233

• door-side recycling method 233

• education 238

• educational outreach 245

• enhancing access 245

• environmental justice 247

• Global South nations 246–247

• goals 232

• impact 239

• implementation 232–233

• programme design 236

• resident participation strategy 237

• socio-economic benefit 247

• stakeholder involvement 237

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) projects 270

Regional Consultative Meetings (RCMs) 46

Regional Ministerial Environment Forums (RMEFs) 44

representative elementary volume (REV) 178–179

resource conservation

• agencies and policies 8

• anti-growth sentiment 9

• circular economy 14

• corporate sustainability principles 13

• environmental incidents 8

• human activities and natural resources 7–8

• industrial ecology 14

• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 12

• political and societal leaders 13

• Rio Earth Summit in 1992 11

• sharing economy 14

• social entrepreneurship 11

• social justice and climate change 14

• steam-powered and battery-electric vehicles 8

• sustainable business model 14

• sustainable consumption and production 14–15

• sustainable development period 9–10

• World Summit on Sustainable Development 11–12

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (LARR) Act 71

Rio Earth Summit in 1992 11

RMEFs. See Regional Ministerial Environment Forums

semi-structured interviews (SSIs) 150–151

sewage sludge, smouldering

• beneficial nutrients 177

• co-waste mixtures 183–184

• incineration 177

• inert porous media (IPM) 184, 185

• per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 201–204

• phosphorus recovery 184–193

• potentially toxic elements 193–195

• sand-to-sludge mass ratio 182–183

sharing economy 14, 18

simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) 109–110

smouldering combustion 281

• bitumen degradation 181–183

• charcoal barbecue 178

• chemistry 181–182

• energy evolved 181

• fuel degradation 181, 182

• per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 204–206

• phosphorus recovery 193

• physics 178–180

• polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofuran 199–200

• potentially toxic elements (PTEs) 194–195

• sewage sludge 182–184

• temperature distribution model 180

Social Action Movements 78

social entrepreneurship 11

social identity 21–22

social innovation 18

social justice and climate change 14

South Korea’s comprehensive waste management policy 248

spontaneous coal combustion, Australia

• adiabatic self-heating R₇₀ test 104–105

• atmospheric composition 98–99

• carbon dioxide (CO₂) 97

• carbon monoxide (CO) 96–97

• coal oxidation 94–95

• coal’s propensity assessment 104–110

• coal storage facilities and risks 92

• crossing point temperature test 105–106

• definition 93

• depositional factors 95

• empirical prediction models 108–109

• ethylene indicator 97–98

• exothermic activities 95

• explosion risks 112–115

• gas evolution test 107–108

• gas monitoring regime 100–104

• gas ratios and calculations 99–100

• hydrogen concentration 97

• low-temperature oxidation 94

• mechanism 93–94

• mine lifecycle stages 92

• minimum self-heating temperature test 106

• non-combustible components 93

• oxygen chemisorption 94

• physical indicators 95–96

• physisorption 94

• prevention 110–111

• self-heating 94

• simultaneous thermal analysis 109–110

• temperature measurements 96

Sports for Climate Action programme 52

SSIs. See semi-structured interviews

structural political economy approach 20

sustainable business model 14, 18

sustainable consumption and production 2

• behaviour change 20–23

• consumer-based trends 15–16

• governance strategies 20

• industry 18–19

• policy trends 16–17

• product innovation 23–24

sustainable development 120

sustainable finance, decarbonisation 271

• climate finance 261

• greenwashing 261

• mitigation investments 261

• organisations 260

• taxonomies and frameworks 261–264

• transition frameworks and criteria 263

(un)sustainable machine model

• economic and population growth 123–124

• machine functioning control 123

• technological innovations 124

sustainable mining and recycling 281

• economic force 129–130

• efficiency 130

• environmental force 129

• feedstock force 130

• mineral consumption reduction 130–131

sustainable resource use 2

Sweden’s successful recycling programme 248

technology 53–54

telemetric systems 101

Te Urewera Act 55

TGA. See thermogravimetric analysis

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) 48

The New Zealand Marine Reserves Act 59

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 109–110

“tragedy of the commons” phenomenon 121, 227

Treezilla project 54

triple planetary crisis 39

tube bundle system 101–102

UJALA programme. See Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All programme

UN Climate Change Conference in 2014 (COP20) 53

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 51–52

UN Department for Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) 4

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 52

United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) 44, 46

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 9, 43–44, 145

United Nations treaties 45–46, 48–53

• Convention on Biological Diversity 49–50

• definition 49

• depository 49

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 192

Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) programme 79

unsustainable resource consumption 2, 279

upper explosive limit (UEL) 112–113

urbanization, India 72

urban recycling, Colorado

• benefits 221

• building confidence 242

• CCBT recycling project (see Circular Colorado’s Brooks Tower recycling project)

• community-based recycling initiatives 225

• contamination 228

• customising support 242

• diverse resident population 225–226

• economic benefits 223–224

• environmental benefits 223

• financial constraints 227

• global recycling rates 247

• high resident turnover 225

• layered interventions 243

• national policy mechanisms 248

• participation enhancement 221–222

• policy changes 229

• RCMC Recycling Pilot (see Recycle Colorado’s Multi-Family Complex Recycling Pilot)

• regulatory and logistical constraints 227

• shared waste management facilities 224

• social benefits 224

• space constraints 225

• spatial limitation 224

• sustainable urban narratives 248–249

US Endangered Species Act (ESA) 60

village-banking 9

waste segregation initiatives 82–83

wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 176

water scarcity 5, 277–278

weather events, water scarcity 5

Western concept development 278–279

wildfire 38

World Resources Forum (WRF) 48

World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) 11

Young’s ratio (YR) 100