Chapter 9: 2D Nanomaterials for Energy- and Environment-oriented Applications: Scalable Production and Environmental Concerns

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are applicable in almost all fields, and now researchers are pushing the boundaries towards their large-scale application. These materials fall into three types: van der Waals layered (e.g. graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, black phosphorus), non-van der Waals layered (e.g. XBenes), and non-van der Waals non-layered (e.g. β-boron). The thickness of these materials varies from a single atom layer to multiple layers. 2D nanomaterials show alterations in physicochemical properties due to two-dimensional quantum confinement. 2D nanomaterials have demonstrated their potential application in energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, biomedicine, catalysis, filtration, and many other fields. Graphene, the first known 2D nanomaterial, has found applications in all sectors. Similarly, metal borides have found applications in energetic materials, superconductors, and electrode materials. Transition metal dichalcogenides and MXenes are also known for their vast range of applications. Despite their remarkable properties, these materials face scalability issues and biocompatibility. This chapter delves into different energy sector applications and environmental remediation, along with the biocompatibility of these materials. The chapter offers a comprehensive understanding of 2D nanomaterials, the gradual progress in their synthesis, energy applications, use in environmental remediation, and the environmental concerns of these materials.