Chapter 5: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of Bioactive Food Constituents Check Access

Chapter 5 delves into the essential processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) as they relate to bioactive food constituents. To comprehensively assess the bioactivity of functional ingredients, it is imperative to possess a profound understanding of the processes governing the entry, interaction, and departure of molecules from the body. The ADME process, a staple in pharmacological research, provides a comprehensive framework for studying the behaviour of these constituents. This chapter examines the mechanisms of absorption within the gastrointestinal tract, emphasising the significance of structural barriers and transport processes. Distribution explores the journey of molecules through the circulatory system, impacting various organs based on blood flow. Metabolism, predominantly occurring in the liver, involves the transformation of compounds to enhance water solubility and aid in their elimination. The concept of bioavailability is introduced, which is crucial for evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile. Lastly, excretion routes, renal and hepatobiliary, mark the final phase of ADME. Through case studies on vitamin C, lutein and zeaxanthin, isothiocyanates, piperine, furanocoumarins, and vitamin E, this chapter underscores the importance of these processes in determining the efficacy, safety, and dosage of functional food ingredients.