Chapter 10: Terpenoids (Case Study: Ginsenosides) Check Access

Terpenoids are a diverse class of compounds that are characterized by their hydrocarbon structures and oxygen-containing derivatives. This chapter explores the various classifications, biosynthesis and sources of terpenoids, particularly fruits, vegetables, essential oils, herbs, medicinal plants, and beer hops. With over 20 000 distinct structures, terpenoids play pivotal roles in various biological processes, serving as phytoalexins, insect antifeedants, defence agents, pheromones, and signalling molecules. Triterpenoids demonstrate anti-diabetic effects, while diterpenes and sesquiterpenes exhibit antiseptic, antibiotic, and insecticidal effects. Terpenoids exert their effects through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, reducing reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production. Terpenoids are structurally diverse as they can be classified into monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and tetraterpenoids. Additionally, the biosynthesis of terpenoids involves the mevalonic pathway, yielding various isoprene units. This chapter will explore the health benefits of terpenoids, particularly their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic properties. Additionally, ginsenosides from Panax ginseng are explored for their diverse biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-viral effects.