Subject Index Free

1,2-diphenylethylene, 149

1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid, 136

1-deoxynojirimycin, 221

1-propenesulfinic acid, 163

2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfuric acid (TNBS), 203

2,5-diferuloylmethanes, 149

2-methylbutyric acids, 216

2-propylpentanoic acid, 133

2-vinyl-1,3-dithia-5-cyclohexene, 163

2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin, 166

3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) assay, 312

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoAR), 282

3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), 171

3-vinyl-1,2-dithia-5-cyclohexene, 163

4-ethyloctanoic acids, 135

4-methoxy-glucuronic acid, 238

4-methyloctanoic acids, 135

4-methylumbelliferyl oleate, 313

4-nitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP), 313

5-caffeoylquinic acid, 148

11(S)-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 216

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, 154

14-methylhexadecanoic acids, 135

15-methylhexadecanoic acids, 135

16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 111, 112

α-amylases, 219, 220

α-carotene, 36, 37

α-glucosidases, 219, 220

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases, 136

α-linolenic acid (ALA), 120, 121, 126

α-tocopherol, 44, 85

α-tocopherol transfer protein (αTTP), 85

α-tocotrienol, 34

β-carotene, 20, 30, 36, 37, 38, 44

β-glucans, 244

• beneficial health effects of, 244

  • hypolipidaemia effect, 246–248

  • managing body weight, 246

  • type 2 diabetes, 245–246

• considerations of incorporating β-glucans into foods, 248

• physicochemical and functional properties of, 244

δ-tocotrienol, 34

γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-Gtases), 167

γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), 167

γ-linolenic acid (GLA), 67

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), 72

• absorption, 73–76

• distribution, 76–79

• excretion, 84

  • flavonoids, 85–87

  • vitamin E, 85

• metabolism, 79

  • bioavailability, 80–82

  • isothiocyanates, piperine and furanocoumarins, 82–84

acarbose, 220

Acer truncatum (Purpleblow maple), 136

acetate, 131

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 204

acute inflammation, 49–50

acute lung injury (ALI), 195

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 57

AD. See Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 281

adjacent cells, 73

ADME. See absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)

advanced glycation end products (AGE), 42

agar diffusion method, 349, 350

aging process, 206

AIDs. See autoimmune diseases (AIDs)

AIDS. See acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

alfalfa plants, 151

allicin, 63–64, 180

Allium plants, 42

allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), 83, 166

allyl methyl disulfide (AMD), 163

allyl methyl trisulfide (AMT), 163

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 51, 121, 123, 132, 148, 154, 171, 177, 205

amentoflavone, 223

American ginseng, 201

AMP. See adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 178

amylases, 75

Andrographis paniculata, 195

angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), 174, 259

anthocyanin-derived polyphenols, 146

anthocyanins, 30, 146

anti-inflammatory drugs, 56, 57

antimicrobial agents, 130

antioxidant responsive elements (ARE), 37, 173, 292

antioxidants, 29–33, 153

apoptosis, 129, 131, 147

• regulation of, 171–172

apoptotic induction, 176–177

arachidonic acid (AA), 55, 124

ARDS. See acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

ARE. See antioxidant responsive elements (ARE)

area under the curve (AUC), 80, 311

artemisinin, 197, 207–208

Arthrospira platensis, 292

ARTs, 207

arylsulfatase (ASFase), 167

ascorbic acid, 33, 63, 75, 76

Asteraceae family, 195

atherosclerosis, 16, 17, 24, 51, 55, 99, 108, 128, 293

• nutraceutical therapies for, 61

  • allicin, 63–64

  • dietary fiber, 64–65

  • flavanols, 65–66

  • hydroxytyrosol, 62

  • omega-3 PUFAs, 66–67

  • omega-6 PUFAs, 67–68

  • phytosterols, 68–69

  • vitamin C, 63

• progression of, 58

  • complicated plaques, 60–61

  • fatty streaks, 60

  • fibrous plaques, 60

  • initial lesion, 59–60

  • thrombosis, 61

• by using nutraceuticals, 57–58

atherothrombosis, 108

AUC. See area under the curve (AUC)

autoimmune diseases (AIDs), 20, 96

Bacillus subtilis, 257, 289

bacterial inhibition, 349–350

bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPIP), 54

Bacteroides, 102

Bacteroides fragilis, 102

ball-and-stick model, 227

Bifidobacterium breve, 105

biflavonoids, 222, 223

bile acid biosynthesis, 241

bioactive compounds

• cardiovascular health and flavones, 16–17

• gut health and GI tract inflammation, 18–19

• immune health and rheumatoid arthritis, 20–21

• joint health and omega-3, 17–18

• liver health and fatty liver, 19–20

bioactive factors, 318

• biopolymer particles, 329

  • mixed biopolymer particles, 331–334

  • single biopolymer particles, 330–331

• characterization and functional evaluation of particle-based delivery systems, 334–335

• emulsions, 319

  • conventional emulsions and nanoemulsions, 321

  • filled hydrogel particles, 326–328

  • multilayer emulsions, 323–325

  • multiple emulsions, 321–323

  • solid lipid particles, 325–326

• liposomes, 328–329

bioactive fatty acids, 120, 139

• conjugated fatty acids, 126

  • beneficial health effects and safety concerns, 128

  • mechanisms behind CLAs’ beneficial effects, 128

• medium chain fatty acids, 132–133

• n-3 fatty acids, 120

  • ALA vs. EPA and DHA, 125–126

  • bioavailability of, 122

  • EPA and DHA, 122–124

  • molecular mechanisms behind health benefits of EPA and DHA, 124–125

• other bioactive fatty acids, 133

  • branched and odd-numbered fatty acids, 135–136

  • hydroxy fatty acids, 133–135

  • lipoic acid, 136–138

  • nervonic acid, 136

• short-chain fatty acids, 129–132

bioactive peptides (BAPs), 267

• analysis, 273

  • peptide profiling, 273–275

  • quantification, 273

  • in silico methods, 276–277

  • structure, 275–276

• antihypertensive properties of, 288–291

• antioxidative properties of, 291

• biological activities and molecular mechanisms of, 277

  • antidiabetic properties, 279–281

  • antihypertensive properties, 288–291

  • anti-inflammatory properties, 293–295

  • antioxidative properties, 291–293

  • hypolipidemic properties, 281–288

• food application of, 295

• hypolipidemic properties of, 281–288

• molecular mechanisms of, 268

• peptide profiling, 273–275

• preparation methods, 269

  • post-hydrolysis processing, 271–273

  • pretreatment of proteins, 269–270

  • production, 270–271

• quantification, 273

• in silico methods, 276–277

• structure, 275–276

bioactive polysaccharides, 351–352

bioavailability, 9–10, 80–82, 122

bioinformatics, 267, 276

bioprocessing methods, 289

blood–brain barrier, 73, 77

blood pressure regulation, 169–170, 173–174

blood–retinal barrier, 73

blood sugar regulation, 178

body mass index (BMI), 105, 211–212

body weight control, 256

Borago officinalis (Borage), 136

Boreostereum vibrans, 215

branched long chain fatty acids, 135

Caenorhabditis elegans, 156, 292

Candida antarctica, 215

Candida rugosa, 215

Cannabis sativa (Hemp), 136

carbohydrates, 100–102, 231

carcinogen activation, 175

Cardamine graeca (Bittercress), 136

cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), 57, 99–100, 107, 121, 123, 131, 172

cardiovascular health, 16–17, 148

• promotion via DOSCs, 172–175

carotenoids, 36–38

Cassia quinquangulata, 154

CAT. See cysteine aminotransferase (CAT)

catalase (CAT), 30, 31, 32, 40, 281

catechins, 30, 142

CCL2, 59

cell-based assays, 309

cell differentiation, 129

cellular membranes, 119

central nervous system (CNS), 198, 205

cepaenes, 42, 164

cerebrovascular disease, 99

C-glycosides, 40

cGMP. See cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

CHD. See coronary heart disease (CHD)

chitin, 253

chitosan, 253

• beneficial health effects of, 254

  • antimicrobial activity, 256–257

  • antitumor activity, 257–258

  • body weight control, 256

  • hypolipidemia effect, 254–256

  • immunomodulating activity, 258

  • other activities, 259–260

• physicochemical and functional properties of, 253–254

• potential side effects of, 260

chlorogenic acid, 148

chole-cystokinin (CCK) satiation, 104

cholesterol, 74, 173–174

Chromolaena ororata, 133

chronic inflammation, 50, 51, 55, 57, 173

chronological lifespan (CLS), 314

chylomicrons, 59

cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, 152

cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), 2

cis-15-tetracosenoic acid, 136

c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), 171, 196

CLAs. See conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs)

Clostridium perfringens, 102

cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), 78

CNS. See central nervous system (CNS)

coenzyme Q10, 138

Coffea canephora, 150

cognitive enhancement, 205–206

colon cancer, 97, 98, 154

colony-forming unit (CFU), 314

complement proteins, 55

complicated plaques, 60–61

condensed tannins, 144

conjugated fatty acids, 126

• beneficial health effects and safety concerns, 128

• mechanisms behind CLAs’ beneficial effects, 128

conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), 120, 128

core–shell particles, 332–333

coronary heart disease (CHD), 99

coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), 56–57

correlation spectroscopy (COSY), 276

COVID-19. See coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)

cranberry juice (Vaccinium macrocarpon), 1–2

Crohn’s disease, 18

cross streak method, 350

cruciferous vegetables, 164–166

cryptoxanthin, 36, 37

curcumin, 157, 309

cutting-edge sequencing technology, 100

CVDs. See cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 174

cyclin dependent kinase-2 (CDK-2), 258

cyclooxygenase (COX), 55, 124

cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 147, 203

CYP. See cytochrome P450 (CYP)

cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), 171

cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), 171

cysteine aminotransferase (CAT), 171

cysteine desulfurase (CDase), 167

cysteine sulfoxide lyase (C-S lyase), 167

cytochrome P450 (CYP), 79, 82, 175

cytokine receptors, 52

cytokines, 55

cytosolic β-glucosidase (CBG), 86

DADS. See diallyl disulfide (DADS)

data statistics, 113

DATS. See diallyl trisulfide (DATS)

DBVs. See double bilayer vesicles (DBVs)

degenerative diseases, 141

dehydroascorbic acid, 33, 75, 76

delivery systems, 354

de novo biosynthesis, 122

d-glucosamine, 253

DHA. See dihydroartemisinin (DHA); docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

diabetes, 96, 219

diallyl disulfide (DADS), 42, 43, 162, 175

diallyl sulfide (DAS), 163

diallyl trisulfide (DATS), 42, 43, 162, 175

dibenzyl trisulfide (DBTS), 176

dichloromethane (DCM), 218

Diels–Alder reactions, 163

dietary antioxidants

• act as prooxidants, 43–44

• oxidative stress, 24

  • antioxidants and, 29–33

  • carotenoids, 36–38

  • flavonoids, 40

  • organosulfides, 40–43

  • polyphenols, 38–40

  • reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, 25–29

  • vitamin C, 33–34

  • vitamin E, 34–36

• types of, 30

dietary fiber, 64–65

dietary organosulfides, 42, 161–162

• as antimicrobial agents, 178–180

• from botanicals to functional foods, 180

dietary organosulfur compounds (DOSCs), 161

• advanced mechanistic insights into organosulfur benefits, 167

  • bioavailability of organosulfur compounds, 168–169

  • in blood sugar regulation, 178

  • in chronic disease prevention and control, 169–177

  • in management of neurodegenerative diseases, 177–178

• sources and metabolic pathways of, 162

  • in Alliums, 162–164

  • in cruciferous vegetables, 164–166

  • in Fabaceaes, 167

  • in Fungus, 166–167

dietary polyphenolics

• classification of, 141

  • biosynthesis of stilbenoids and flavonoids, 142–143

  • main classes and food sources of, 142

• flavonoids, 143–148

• non-flavonoid polyphenolics, 148–150

• resveratrol, 150

  • claimed health benefits of, 153–154

  • induced phytoalexin, 150–152

  • live long and healthy, 155–156

  • mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by, 154

  • PAINS, 157

dietary polyphenols, 104, 142

dietary restriction (DR), 171

diffusion method, 350

digestive enzyme inhibitors

• alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for diabetic control, 219

  • flavone oligomers as source of starch hydrolase inhibitors, 222–227

  • types of starch hydrolase inhibitors, 220–222

• lipid metabolism and role of pancreatic lipase, 213–214

• resin glycosides as source of PL inhibitors, 216

• types of pancreatic lipase inhibitors and their dietary sources, 214

  • fungal kingdom as rich source, 215

  • lipase inhibitors derived from medicinal plants, 215

  • marine products as valuable source, 215

  • microorganisms as potential sources, 214–215

digestive proteases, 268

dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), 67, 68

dihydroartemisinin (DHA), 208

dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, 136

dihydrolipoic acids, 137, 138

dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), 192

dipeptides, 268

dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 (DPP-IV), 279

diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 291

diterpenes, 194

djenkol beans (Archidendron pauciflorum), 167

DLS. See dynamic light scattering (DLS)

DMAPP. See dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP)

docoeicosapentaenoic acid (DPA), 120

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 17, 66, 67, 120–124

DOSCs. See dietary organosulfur compounds (DOSCs)

double bilayer vesicles (DBVs), 328

DPA. See docoeicosapentaenoic acid (DPA)

dynamic light scattering (DLS), 323

dysbiosis, 96, 97

dyslipidemia, 98, 282

ECM. See extracellular matrix (ECM)

EGCG. See epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)

eicosanoids, 124

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 17, 66, 67

eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), 120–124

electrodialysis-ultrafiltration (EDUF), 273

electrospray ionization (ESI), 273

ellagic acid, 149

emulsions, 319

• conventional emulsions and nanoemulsions, 321

• filled hydrogel particles, 326–328

• multilayer emulsions, 323–325

• multiple emulsions, 321–323

• solid lipid particles, 325–326

endoplasmic reticulum, 26

endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 174, 288

endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), 174

ene-rhodanine, 309

eNOS. See endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)

Enterococcus faecalis, 196

Enterococcus faecium, 196

enzymatic membrane reactor-gradient diafiltration feeding (EMR-GDF), 289

enzyme assays, 309–310

enzymes, 86, 120, 162

EPA. See eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

epidermal growth factor receptor and growth factor-bound protein-2 (EGFR-Grb2), 138

epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 6, 10, 222

epithiospecifier protein (ESP), 164

EPSs. See exopolysaccharides (EPSs)

Escherichia coli, 101, 109

ETA. See eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA)

ethyl esters (EE), 122

exopolysaccharides (EPSs), 101

extracellular matrix (ECM), 60, 61, 65

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, 103

farnesoid X receptor (FXR), 240

farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), 192

fatty acids, 118, 119

fatty acid synthase (FAS), 282

fatty streaks, 60

Fenton reactions, 27

fermentable polysaccharides, 234

fermented foods, 106

FFARs. See free fatty acid receptors (FFARs)

fibrous plaques, 60

first-pass metabolism, 79, 82

flavan-3-ols, 144

flavanols, 65–66, 142

flavone monomers, 224

flavone oligomers, 222

• interactions between flavone oligomers and starch hydrolase inhibitors, 226–227

• synthesis process of, 224–226

• types of, 222–224

flavones, 16–17, 144, 145, 148

flavonoids, 40, 44, 85–87, 142–148

• types of, 41

fluid mosaic model, 73

food additives, 106–107

forming nitroxyl (HNO), 170

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), 275

free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), 131

French Paradox, 153

fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 105

FTICR. See Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)

functional foods, 20, 73, 339

• blurring line between conventional and, 5–6

• definition of, 3–4

• synergistic approach to, 8

  • implications for functional food development and dietary recommendations, 10–13

  • synergy and bioavailability, 9–10

• traditional wisdom and modern science, 6–8

• verdict on, 13–14

furanocoumarins, 82–84

galactooligosaccharides (GOS), 105

galacturonic acid, 238

garlic (Allium sativum L.), 63, 162–163

gasotransmitter, 169

gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 73, 74, 75, 92, 168, 220, 234, 319

• inflammation, 18–19

• pH distribution in, 76

geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), 192

Gestrichum candidum, 215

giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), 328

Gibbs free energy, 27

ginger (Zingiber officinale), 2

Ginkgo biloba, 40

ginseng, 199, 200

ginsenoside-Rb1 (G-Rb1), 202

ginsenosides, 197, 205

• biological activities of, 199–200

GI tract. See gastrointestinal (GI) tract

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 131, 252, 281

glucose transporters (GLUTs), 76

glucosinolates (GLs), 164

glutathione (GSH), 138, 162

glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 30, 40, 281

glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd), 206

glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), 78

glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), 37–38, 83

gluten-free diet, 109–110

glycolipids, 74

glycoproteins, 74

glycoside hydrolases, 102

glycosyltransferases, 102

Glycyrrhiza glabra, 2

GOS. See galactooligosaccharides (GOS)

GPCRs. See G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

G-protein coupled receptors, 52

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), 131

GPx. See glutathione peroxidase (GPx)

Gram-negative bacteria, 178

Gram-positive bacteria, 178

GSTs. See glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs)

gut health, 18–19

gut microbiota, 18, 21, 75, 87, 100, 114, 120

• dietary patterns’ effect on, 107

  • gluten-free diet, 109–110

  • Mediterranean diet, 108–109

  • vegetarian diet, 110–111

  • Western diet, 107–108

• diet’s effects on, 100

  • carbohydrates, 100–102

  • dietary polyphenols, 104

  • fat, 103–104

  • fermented foods, 106

  • food additives, 106–107

  • probiotics and prebiotics, 104–105

  • proteins, 102–103

• gut microbial community, 111

  • characterizing gut microbiota with 16S rRNA genes, 111

  • general design considerations for microbiota experiments, 113

  • metabolomics-based characterization of, 112–113

  • metagenomics characterization of genetic potential of, 111–112

• interactions between gut microbiota and diseases, 96

  • cardiovascular diseases, 99–100

  • immunological dysregulation, 96–97

  • inflammatory bowel disease, 97–98

  • obesity, 98–99

GUVs. See giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs)

Gymnema sylvestre, 221

Haber–Weiss reactions, 27

HAV. See hepatitis A virus (HAV)

HBV. See hepatitis B virus (HBV)

HDL. See high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

hemagglutinin (H), 204

hepatitis A virus (HAV), 204

hepatitis B virus (HBV), 204

herpes simplex virus (HSV), 200

HFAs. See hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs)

high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 59, 60, 78, 123, 282

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 239

high throughput screening (HTS), 305

• application of HTS in functional foods, 307

  • adaptation to food-sourced compounds, 307–309

  • alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity, 311–313

  • anti-aging studies using yeast model, 314–315

  • anti-inflammatory, 309–310

  • anti-oxidant activity, 310–311

  • pancreatic lipase inhibition activity, 313

• basics of, 305

  • automated equipment, 306–307

  • molecular level and cellular level, 306

hinokiflavone, 223

histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activator, 131

histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, 131

HIV. See human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

homogenization method, 328

HSV. See herpes simplex virus (HSV)

HTS. See high throughput screening (HTS)

human genome, 91

human gut microbiota, 91

• biogeography of, 93

• composition of, 92–93

• definition of, 92

• functions of, 94

• main factors affecting gut microbiota balance, 94–96

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 200, 204

Human Microbiome Project (HMP), 91

Humicola lanuginose, 215

Huntington’s disease, 177

hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 26, 31

hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), 162

hydrogen sulfide release, health impacts of, 169

• anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, 170

• cellular protection and longevity, 171

• neuroprotective effects, 171

• regulation of apoptosis, 171–172

• vasodilation and blood pressure regulation, 169–170

hydroxybenzoic acid, 149

hydroxycinnamic acid, 149

hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), 133–135

hydroxyl radicals (HO·), 26, 179

hydroxyphenyl hydrazones, 157, 309

hydroxytyrosol, 62

hyperhomocysteinemia, 110

hyperlipidemia, 239

hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 27

IBD. See inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

IBS. See irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), 272

immune health, 20–21

immunological dysregulation, 96–97

immunomodulatory activity, 202–203

incretins, 281

incubators, 307

inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 28, 39, 54, 203, 294

inflammation, 47, 107, 193, 293

• and COVID-19, 56–57

• diseases caused by inflammatory reactions, 51

• harmful consequences of inflammation and underlying mechanism, 50

  • increased permeability, 51–52

  • leukocyte activation, 52–53

  • leukocyte migration, 53–54

• principal mediators of inflammation and their actions, 55

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 18, 96–98, 293

influenza virus, 203

inhibiting IκB kinase (IKK), 173

iNOS. See inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)

in silico methods, 276–277

Integrative Human Microbiome Project (iHMP), 91

intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), 59, 68

interleukins (IL), 107

inulin, 260

• applications of inulin in food industry, 263–264

• beneficial health effects of, 261

  • enhancing absorption of minerals, 263

  • hypolipidemia effect, 261–262

  • improving gastrointestinal health, 262–263

  • reducing risk of obesity, 262

• physicochemical and functional properties of, 260–261

• potential side effects of, 264

in vitro assays, 154, 344

in vitro bioactivity testing, 268

in vitro studies, 83, 123, 128, 292

in vivo assays, 344

Ipomoea aquatica, 216

Ipomoea batatas, 216, 217, 218

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 107, 195

isopentyl pyrophosphate (IPP), 192

isoprene rule, 191

isorhamnetin, 143

isothiazolones, 157, 308

isothiocyanates (ITCs), 41, 82–84, 164

joint health, 17–18

kaempferol, 143

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), 83

kinins, 55

Korean red ginseng (KRG), 202, 206

LAB. See lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS), 163

lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), 86

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 206

lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 106, 289

Lactobacillus helveticus, 290

Lactobacillus paracasei, 105

Lactobacillus rhamnosus, 105

lactoferrin, 54

Laetiporus sulphureus, 215

LDH. See lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

LDL. See low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), 6

leukocyte activation, 52–53

leukocyte migration, 53–54

leukotrienes, 124

licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), 2–3

ligaments, 17

Lineweaver–Burk plots, 348

lipases, 75

lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), 29

lipid metabolism, 129

lipid peroxidation, 29

lipid-soluble molecules, 77

lipoic acid, 136–138

lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 105, 202, 294, 349

liposomes, 328–329

lipoxygenase (LOX), 55, 124, 147

Listeria monocytogenes, 196

longevity, 171

low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 16, 59, 60, 65, 78, 174, 282

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 239

LOX. See lipoxygenase (LOX)

LPH. See lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH)

LPS. See lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Lunaria annua (Money Plant), 136

lutein, 30, 36, 38, 78–79

lycopene, 30, 36, 38

lysozyme, 54

macroemulsion, 321

macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), 59

malondialdehyde (MDA), 191

MAPKs. See mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)

mass spectrometry (MS), 112, 273, 275

matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), 273

matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 177

MCFAs. See medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs)

MDA. See malondialdehyde (MDA)

Mediterranean diet, 108–109

medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), 132–133

membrane transport, 74

menthol, 196

meroterpenoids, 194

meso-zeaxanthin, 78, 79

metabolic syndrome, 154

metabolomics, 12

metagenomics, 112

metal ions, 330–331

meta-transcriptomic sequencing, 112

methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), 206

methanedithiol, 167

mevalonic acid, 191

minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), 196, 350

mitochondrial dysfunction, 28

mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), 196, 203, 294

mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, 202

mixed fermentation, 271

MMPs. See matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

molecular complexes, 333

monoglycerides, 213

monosaccharides, 231

monoterpenes, 194

monoterpenoids, 191

monounsaturated fatty acids, 118

MPO. See myeloperoxidase (MPO)

MS. See mass spectrometry (MS)

multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs), 80

multilayer emulsions, 323–325

multivesicular vesicles (MVVs), 328

myeloperoxidase (MPO), 27, 54, 294

myricetin, 143

n-3 fatty acids, 120

• ALA vs. EPA and DHA, 125–126

• bioavailability of, 122

• EPA and DHA, 122–124

• molecular mechanisms behind health benefits of EPA and DHA, 124–125

N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, 253

N-acetyl-S-allyl-l-cysteine (NAc-SAC), 168

N-acetyl-S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (NAc-SACS), 168

N-acetyl transferases, 168

NAD-(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), 38

NAFLD. See non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

nanoemulsions, 321

NASH. See non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

natural killer (NK) cells, 200

nervonic acid, 136

neuraminidase (N), 204

neurodegenerative diseases, 177–178, 291

n-fatty acids, 110

NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), 83

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 156

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidases, 26, 39, 54

nitric oxide (NO), 28, 39, 133, 170

nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), 27

nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), 26

NO. See nitric oxide (NO)

NOESY. See nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY)

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 19, 20, 21

non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 19

non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS), 107

non-digestible polysaccharides

• individual health beneficial polysaccharides, 237

  • β-glucans, 244–248

  • chitosan, 253–260

  • inulin, 260–264

  • psyllium, 237–244

  • resistant starch, 249–253

• other non-digestible polysaccharides, 264

• potential mechanisms behind health benefits of, 233

  • interactions with components in gastrointestinal tract, 234–237

  • interactions with gut microbiota, 233–234

non-enzymatic antioxidants, 32

non-flavonoid polyphenolics, 148–150

non-intravenous routes, 82

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 56

Nothobranchius fuzeri, 156

NSAIDs. See nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), 281

nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), 195, 196

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 276

nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), 276

nutraceuticals, 339

• delivery systems, 354

• extraction, 342–343

• isolation and purification, 343–344

• prevention of atherosclerosis by using, 57–58

• screening for, 344

  • bacterial inhibition, 349–350

  • bioavailability of, 352–353

  • cell physiology and biochemistry based in vitro assays, 348–349

  • enzyme- and receptor- or acceptor-based assays, 344–348

  • possible conflicting results from in vivo and in vitro activity evaluations, 353–354

  • special physicochemical assays, 350–352

• structure and polarity of nutraceutical compounds, 341

• toxicity and side effects, 354

OATs. See organic anion transporters (OATs)

obesity, 98–99, 211, 212

ochnaflavone, 223

odd-numbered fatty acids, 135–136

OE. See orlistat equivalent (OE)

O-glycosides, 40, 143

oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, 319, 320

oleanolic acid, 196

oligolamellar vesicles (OLVs), 328

oligosaccharides, 101, 220, 231

OLVs. See oligolamellar vesicles (OLVs)

omega-3 fatty acids, 21, 58

omega-3 PUFAs, 66–67

omega-6 PUFAs, 55, 67–68

onion (Allium cepa L.), 163–164, 221

ORAC method. See oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method

oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, 176

organic anion transporters (OATs), 86

organopolysulfides, 42

organosulfides, 40–43

organosulfur compounds, 173, 175, 180

orlistat equivalent (OE), 218

ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) method, 273

osteoarthritis, 17

oxidative posttranslational modifications (oxPTMs), 169

oxidative stress, 24, 58, 141, 154, 291

• antioxidants and, 29–33

• carotenoids, 36–38

• flavonoids, 40

• imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants leading to, 25

• organosulfides, 40–43

• polyphenols, 38–40

• reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, 25–29

• vitamin C, 33–34

• vitamin E, 34–36

oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method, 310

PACAP. See pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)

paclitaxel, 196

PAHs. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS), 157, 308–309

Panax ginseng, 197–199, 201, 205

Panax quinquefolius, 201

panaxydol, 202

pancreatic lipase (PL), 213

paracellular transport, 73, 77

Parkinson’s disease (PD), 148, 171, 177

passive diffusion, 74

p-coumaric acid, 150, 152

PD. See Parkinson’s disease (PD)

peppermint tea (Mentha piperita), 1

peptide profiling, 273–275

peptide YY (PYY), 131

peroxiredoxin (Prx), 32

peroxynitrate (ONOO^–), 26, 27, 28

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), 80, 81, 82, 204

phagocytic receptors, 52

phagocytosis, 53

phagolysosome, 54

pharmacokinetics, 72

phenethyl ITC (PEITC), 83

phenolic acids, 142, 148, 149

phenolic compounds, 44

phenol-sulphonamides, 157, 309

phenylalanine, 152

phenylalanine ammonia lyase, 152

Phoma medicaginis, 151

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), 171, 281, 282

phospholipids (PLs), 54, 122, 124

photosynthesis, 36

phytoalexin, 150

phytochemicals, 141

phytosterols, 68–69

PI3K. See phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)

piperine, 82–84

pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), 205

plant sterols, 68

plate readers, 307

PLs. See phospholipids (PLs)

p-nitrophenol, 313

p-nitrophenyl-α-pyranoglucoside (pNPG), 312

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 82

polyphenolic compounds, 143

polyphenols, 38–40, 142, 295

polysaccharides, 231, 232, 233

• hydrolases, 102

• utilizers, 234

polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 29, 66, 118, 121

Porphyra haitanensis, 292

post-hydrolysis processing, 271–273

postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG), 219

postprandial metabolism, 103

PPD. See protopanaxadiol (PPD)

PPT. See protopanaxatriol (PPT)

prebiotics, 104–105

PREDIMED, 62

proanthocyanidins, 86, 142, 144, 221, 222

probiotics, 18, 20, 104–105

prodelphinidins, 221

prodrugs, 166

prooxidants, 43–44

propelargonidins, 221

propionate, 131

prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁), 67

prostaglandins, 124

proteases, 75

protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, 171

proteins, 74, 102–103, 329

protopanaxadiol (PPD), 198, 201

protopanaxatriol (PPT), 198

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 179

Pseudomonas glumae, 215

psychiatric disorders, 96

psyllium, 232, 236

• beneficial health effects of, 238

  • reducing risk of hyperlipidemia, 239–241

  • reducing risk of overweight and obesity, 241–243

  • reducing risk of type 2 diabetes, 243

• considerations of including psyllium into food formula, 243–244

• physicochemical and functional properties of, 237–238

PUFAs. See polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

pyridoxal phosphate, 167

pyruvate dehydrogenase, 136

quantification, 273

quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) modelling, 277

quercetin, 143

RA. See rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Rabdosia rubescens, 196

Raman spectroscopy, 275

randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 7, 245

reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 25–29, 170

reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), 26, 29

reactive oxygen species (ROS), 25–29, 33, 36, 39, 42, 147, 170, 191, 204

Red Ginseng Extract (RGE), 204

Ren Shen, 197

replicative lifespan (RLS), 314

resin glycosides (RG), 216

• as source of PL inhibitors, 216

  • in morning glory vegetables, 216

  • pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of, 216–218

resistant starch (RS), 249

• anti-obesity effects of, 252

• beneficial health effects of, 250

  • considerations of resistant starch in foods, 253

  • improving colonic health, 250–251

  • improving metabolic health, 251–253

• classification and physicochemical properties of, 249–250

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 200

resveratrol, 30, 150, 308

• claimed health benefits of, 153–154

• glycosides, 152

• induced phytoalexin, 150–152

• live long and healthy, 155–156

• mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by, 154

• PAINS, 157

• therapeutic applications of, 154

reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), 272

rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 17, 20–21, 53, 55, 293

Rhus succedanea, 224

RNS. See reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

robotic arms, 307

robustaflavone, 223

RONS. See reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS)

ROS. See reactive oxygen species (ROS)

RSV. See respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

SAC. See S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 156

salacinol, 221

S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC), 42, 163, 178

S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (SACS), 168

S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), 176

SAMC. See S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC)

scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1), 78

scavengers, 31

SCFAs. See short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

secondary metabolites, 142

Selaginella nipponica, 223

Selaginella pachystachys, 223

selenium, 30

serum albumin, 78

sesquiterpenes, 194

SFN. See sulforaphane (SFN)

shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes), 166

short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 100–101, 129–132, 232, 241

singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂), 36

singular value decomposition (SVD), 275

SIRT1, 156

sirtuins, 156

SLPs. See solid lipid particles (SLPs)

small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), 328

SOD. See superoxide dismutase (SOD)

sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1), 222

sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCTs), 76

sodium-glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT1), 85

solid lipid particles (SLPs), 325–326

solid phase extraction (SPE), 273

soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), 174

solvents, 331

Soxhlet extraction, 342, 343

SPE. See solid phase extraction (SPE)

SRB1. See scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1)

SREBP. See sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)

SRMA. See systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA)

starch, 249, 253

steam distillation, 343

steroidogenic acute regulatory domain protein 3 (StARD3), 78

sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), 125

Stevia rebaudiana, 197

stevioside (SVS), 197

stilbene synthase (STS), 152

stilbenoids, 142–143

stink beans (Parkia speciosa), 167

Streptococcus mutans, 196

Streptomyces aburaviensis, 215

Streptomyces toxytricini, 215

Strongylocentrotus nudus, 292

structural diversity, 295

structure–activity relationships (SAR), 162, 208

structure–function relationships, 275, 276

STS. See stilbene synthase (STS)

substrate cross-feeding, 234

sulforaphane (SFN), 83, 173

sulfur, 161

superoxide dismutase (SOD), 27, 30, 39–40, 281

surfactant displacement method, 328

SUVs. See small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs)

Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, 225

SVD. See singular value decomposition (SVD)

synergy, 9–10

synthetic anti-diabetic drugs, 221

systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA), 250

Tanacetum parthenium, 195

tannins, 149

terpenes, 189

terpenoids, 189

• artemisinin and its derivatives, 207–208

• biosynthesis of, 193

• ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, 197

  • biological activities of, 199–207

  • types of, 197–199

• health benefits of, 193

  • anti-bacterial activity, 196

  • anti-diabetic effect, 197

  • anti-inflammatory activity, 193–195

  • anti-tumor activity, 195–196

• nomenclature of, 192

• source of, 192–193

• types and classification of, 191–192

tetracosahexaenoic acid (TSA), 120

tetraterpenes, 194

tetraterpenoids, 191

TG. See triglycerides (TG)

thiosulfinates, 42, 164

thrombosis, 61

thromboxane A2 (TXA2), 174

thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 175

thromboxanes, 55, 124

thyme (Lamiaceae spp.), 2

TMAO. See trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)

tocopherols, 85

tocotrienols, 85

TOCSY. See total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY)

toll-like receptors, 52

total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), 276

total phenolic contents (TPC), 351

toxoflavin, 157, 308

transcellular transport, 73

transcytosis, 75

trans-resveratrol, 149, 150

• biosynthesis route of, 152

• chemical structure of, 151

• claimed health benefits of, 153

triglycerides (TG), 122, 213, 239, 282

trimethylamine (TMA), 108

trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), 99

tripeptides, 268

Tripterygium wilfordii, 195

triterpenes, 194

triterpenoids, 191

Tropaeolum speciosum (Flame flower), 136

TSA. See tetracosahexaenoic acid (TSA)

tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), 2, 147, 258

Tylopilus felleus, 215

type-1 diabetes, 219

type-2 diabetes, 51, 101, 108, 110, 154, 201, 219, 227, 243, 245–246, 252

type B proanthocyanidins, 144

UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGT), 83

Ullman reaction, 225

ultraviolet (UV) light, 26

urinary tract infections (UTIs), 2

vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, 68

vasoactive amines, 55

vasodilation, 169–170

vegetarian diet, 110–111

vegetarianism, 110

very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 59, 85

vitamin B12, 110

vitamin C, 20, 30, 33–34, 44, 63, 75–76

• cell uptake mechanism of, 77

• structure of, 63

vitamin E, 20, 30, 34–36, 44, 85

VLDL. See very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, 319, 320

Western diet, 107–108

xanthine oxidase (XO), 39

xanthohumol, 191

xanthophylls, 36

xenobiotics, 79

XO. See xanthine oxidase (XO)

X-ray crystallography, 276

zeaxanthin, 30, 37, 78–79

Zellweger syndrome, 136

zwiebelanes, 42