Subject Index Free

1,4-bis(aminomethyl)benzene, 65

1,4-butanediol, 162

1,4-hexamethylene diisocynate (HMDI), 192

1,5-pentanediamine, 329

1,6-diiodohexane, 99

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), 85, 183, 243

2,2-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTSA), 116

2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 164

2-aminoethanethiol, 110

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 66

2-mercaptoethanol, 65

2-ureido-4-[1H]-pyrimidione, 97

3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), 192

3-carboxylphenylboronic acid, 108

3-hydroxypropionic acid, 160

3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), 50, 99

3-mercaptopropyl triethoxysilane (MPTES), 192

3-methyl-tetrahydrofuran (3-MTHF), 161

3Rs, 290–291

3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, 81

4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM), 113

4,4-dithiodianiline (DDD), 113

4,4-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), 192

4-acetaminophen (ACM), 123

4-aminophenol, 56

4-aminophenyl disulfide (APDS), 94

4-carboxylphenylboronic acid pinacol ester (CAPE), 89

4-formylbenzene boronic acid (FBA), 109

4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 56

4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (TAD), 121

5-benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperpiperazineacetic acid (DKP), 123

7Rs, 291

9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), 116

15-pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI), 168

α-tocopherol, 210

β-hydroxyl ester group, 47

β-ketoesters, 64

π–π interaction, 190

AAE. See adipic acid ester (AAE)

AAP. See adipic acid polyester (AAP)

abrasion resistance, 293

ACM. See acrylic rubber (ACM)

acrylic elastomer, 360

acrylic rubber (ACM), 244–245

acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR), 361

activation energy, 78

adipic acid ester (AAE), 375

adipic acid polyester (AAP), 375

AFM. See atomic force microscopy (AFM)

aggregation-induced emission (AIE) technique, 39, 126

agricultural wastes, 196

AIE technique. See aggregation-induced emission (AIE) technique

alcohols, 8

Alder-ene reaction, 171

alkyl sulfonamines, 10

amino-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-NH₂), 90

Amyris’s technology, 161

aniline trimer (ACAT), 109

ARISA. See automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA)

Arrhenius equation, 39, 40, 349

Arrhenius law, 39

Arrhenius viscosity-temperature relationship, 37, 39

associative CANs, 36, 37

atomic force microscopy (AFM), 233

automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), 20

benzaldehyde, 117

benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 304

benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), 304

benzo[ j]fluoranthene (BjFa), 304

benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFa), 304

benzophenone (BP), 108

benzoyl peroxide (BPO), 6–7

BIIR. See brominated isobutylene–isoprene rubber (BIIR)

bio-based elastomers, 160

• bio-based chemicals, 160

• bio-based synthetic elastomers, 160

  • bio-itaconate elastomers, 166–167

  • butadiene rubber, 162–163

  • EPDM rubber, 163

  • isoprene rubber, 161–162

  • polyester elastomers, 163–166

  • polyurethane elastomers, 167–170

• natural elastomers, 170

  • Eucommia ulmoides gum, 170–171

  • guayule rubber, 173–175

  • natural rubber, 170

  • TKS, 171–173

bio-based ethylene, 163

biobased fillers, 84–88

bio-based ingredients, 213

bio-based polyamide fibre, 329

biobased polyester elastomer (BPE), 163, 237

bio-based polyurethane elastomers, 167–170

bio-based synthetic elastomers, 300–301

bio-based thermoplastic polyester elastomers (bio-TPEEs), 164

bio-based TPVs, 246–247

biocarbon, 194

biochar, 194–196

bio-itaconate elastomers, 166–167

biological devulcanization, 25

biomass-derived fillers

• biochar, 194–196

• lignin, 185

  • dry mixing, 186–189

  • hybrid fillers, 190–191

  • latex co-precipitation, 189–190

  • structure and morphology of, 185–186

• nanocellulose, 180

  • fiber–filled rubber composites, 181–185

  • structure and morphology of, 180–181

• polysaccharides, 191

  • chitin, 193

  • chitosan, 193–194

  • starch, 191–193

• rice husk silica, 196–197

biomass energy, 159

bio-oil, 375

bioremediation, 4

bis(phenylboronic acid carbamoyl) cystamine (BPBAC), 108

bismaleimides (BM), 42

bis(3-triethoxysilyl propyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), 8, 192

blends, 367–371

blooming effect, 240

B–O exchange chemistry, 52–54

boronic ester exchange, 89–90

boronic esters, 52, 53

boron nitride (BN), 83–84

boroxine units, 53

BP. See benzophenone (BP)

BPE. See biobased polyester elastomer (BPE)

BPO. See benzoyl peroxide (BPO)

BR. See butyl rubber (BR)

brominated isobutylene–isoprene rubber (BIIR), 224, 239

Brønsted acids, 47, 60

butyl rubber (BR), 10

CANs. See covalent adaptable networks (CANs)

cantilever beam vibrational measurement, 344

capacitive sensors, 272–273

carbonaceous fillers, 78–81

carbon black (CB), 80, 179, 204, 293, 351, 371

carbon dots (CDs), 49, 205, 212, 327

carbon nanodots (CDs), 78

carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 116–119, 143, 240, 298

carboxylated nitrile–butadiene rubber (HXNBR), 351

carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR), 347, 351, 366–367, 376

carboxyl group-grafted SBR (CSBR), 81

carboxyl-modified nanocellulose, 183–184

carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), 84, 95, 194

catalysts, 169

catalytic transesterification chemistry, 49

CB. See carbon black (CB)

CD. See crosslinking degree (CD)

CDs. See carbon dots (CDs)

CE. See circular economy (CE)

cellulose, 180

cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), 180, 181, 182, 324–325

cellulose nanocrystals (CNs), 84–85

cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), 180, 181, 324–325

cellulose nanowhiskers, 324

chemical devulcanization systems, 7–10

chemical treatment, 7

chitin, 193

chitin nanocrystal (CNC), 95

chitosan, 193–194

chlorinated NBR (Cl-NBR), 365

chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), 360

chlorination, 365

chloroprene (CR), 368

chrysene (CHR), 304

circular economy (CE), 289

• 3R concept, 290–291

• limitations of 3R concept and updated 7R concept, 291–292

citric acid (CA), 184

citric acid-modified bentonite (CABt), 83

clay, 319–320

click reaction, 121

CMCS. See carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)

CNFs. See cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)

CNs. See cellulose nanocrystals (CNs)

C–N transalkylation, 92

CNTs. See carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

coconut oils (CO), 209

cold drawing, 233

compounding, 293

copper(ii)-complex catalysts, 46

covalent adaptable networks (CANs), 34, 109, 119

• categories of, 35–36

• viscoelastic properties of, 36–40

covalent bonds, 121

CPE. See chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)

cradle to cradle approaches, 34

crosslinking, 137

crosslinking degree (CD), 223, 226

crosslinking kinetics (CK), 226

cyclohexylamine (CYC), 326

cystamine dihydrochloride, 108

DA. See dopamine (DA)

DADS. See diallyl disulfides (DADS)

DAE. See distillate aromatic extract (DAE)

dandelion rubber (DR), 297–298

DCBs. See dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs)

DCC. See dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC)

DCP. See dicumyl peroxide (DCP)

DCRs. See dynamically crosslinked rubbers (DCRs)

DEAs. See dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs)

deep eutectic solvent (DES), 10

degradation process, 115

degree of devulcanization, 12

DEGs. See dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs)

de-N-alkylation, 92

DES. See deep eutectic solvent (DES)

DETs. See dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs)

Deutsche Industrie Normen (DIN), 298

devulcanization, 4

• biological method of, 20

• by bioremediation, 18–20

devulcanization processes, 33

diallyl disulfides (DADS), 11

diarylsemipinacol (DASP), 108

dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahA), 304

dibutyl phthalate (DBP), 375

dicumyl peroxide (DCP), 208, 227

dicyclohexylamine (DIC), 326

dielectric elastomer, 275

dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), 269–272

dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs), 273–276

dielectric elastomers, 261

• capacitive light emitting devices, 278–279

• in capacitive sensors, 272–273

• dielectric elastomer actuators, 269–272

• dielectric elastomer generators, 273–276

• in solid-state cooling, 276–277

• synthesis of polar elastomers, 263–269

• for thermal energy harvesting, 277–278

dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs), 260

dielectric losses, 262

dielectric permittivity, 265, 270, 273, 280

Diels-Alder (D-A) reaction, 40–45, 66, 115, 140, 194

diene rubbers, 314

dimethyl ester (DMFD), 164

dimethyl silicone rubber (DMQ), 242

dioctyl adipate (DOA), 375

dioctyl phthalate (DOP), 375

dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), 375

dioxaborolanes, 52

diphenyl disulfide (DPDS), 6, 22–23

diphenylguanidine (DPG), 309

dissociative CANs, 36

distillate aromatic extract (DAE), 303

disulfide-containing boronic ester (DEDA), 108

disulfide exchange, 94–95

disulfide exchange chemistry, 45–47

dithiodianiline, 46

dithiodibenzoic acid, 46

DMTA. See dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA)

dopamine (DA), 311

DOTP. See dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP)

DPDS. See diphenyl disulfide (DPDS)

DR. See dandelion rubber (DR)

dry ice, 21

dry mixing, 186–189

dynamically crosslinked rubbers (DCRs), 76

• dynamic covalent bond-mediated interface in, 77

  • boronic ester exchange, 89–90

  • C–N transalkylation, 92

  • disulfide exchange, 94–95

  • imine metathesis, 88–89

  • transamination, 90–92

  • transesterification, 78–88

  • trans-oxyalkylation, 92–94

• dynamic non-covalent bond-mediated interface in, 95

  • hydrogen bond, 95–97

  • metal–ligand interaction, 97–99

  • other non-covalent interactions, 99–102

dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs), 77, 107, 137

• combination of two or more dynamic covalent bonds, 107

  • as chain extenders, 114–116

  • in one rubber network, 108–114

  • in rubber matrix and rubber/filler interface, 116–119

• and physical bonds, 120

  • hydrogen bonds, 120–124

  • ionic bonds, 126–129

  • metal–ligand coordination bonds, 124–126

• and static covalent bonds, 119–120

dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), 34

• concept of, 34–35

• covalent adaptable networks, 35

  • categories of, 35–36

  • viscoelastic properties of, 36–40

• in rubber networks, 40

  • B–O exchange chemistry, 52–54

  • Diels–Alder chemistry, 40–45

  • disulfide exchange chemistry, 45–47

  • dynamic isocyanate chemistry, 61–64

  • imine exchange chemistry, 54–57

  • other dynamic covalent chemistries, 65–66

  • Si–O exchange chemistry, 59–61

  • transalkylation chemistry, 57–59

  • transamination chemistry of vinylogous urethane, 64–65

  • transesterification, 47–52

dynamic crosslinked networks, 129

dynamic crosslinkers, 76

dynamic imine bonds, 116

dynamic isocyanate chemistry, 61–64

dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), 300

dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), 308, 343, 344

dynamic vulcanization process, 221

EACO. See epoxy acetylated castor oil (EACO)

EBCO. See epoxy benzoyl castor oil (EBCO)

EDS. See energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)

eggshell, 326

elasticity, 234–235

elastocaloric effect, 276

elastomers, 259

electrocaloric refrigeration, 276

electromechanical instability (EMI), 270, 271

electronic skin, 279

electron-induced reactive processing, 221

electron induced reactive processing (EIReP), 240

EMI. See electromechanical instability (EMI)

energy consumption, 4

energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), 205

energy recovery, 291

ENR. See epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)

entropy-driven elasticity, 260

EPDM. See ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM); ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)

EPM. See ethylene–propylene rubber (EPM)

EPO. See epoxidized palm oil (EPO)

epoxidation, 365–366

epoxidized boron nitride (EBN), 83

epoxidized butadiene rubber (EBR), 311

epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), 43, 49, 78, 108, 142, 170, 182, 225, 241–242, 295, 301–303, 365

epoxidized palm oil (EPO), 308

epoxidized polyisoprene (EPI), 80

epoxy acetylated castor oil (EACO), 376

epoxy benzoyl castor oil (EBCO), 376

Escherichia coli, 161

esterification-modified nanocellulose, 184–185

ester-type thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU-EX), 352

ether-type thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU-ER), 352

ethylenemethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA-co-GMA), 243

ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), 163, 219

ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM), 204, 240–241, 295, 299

ethylene/propylene rubber (EPR), 42

ethylene–propylene rubber (EPM), 108, 140

ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), 42, 244

ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber (EVM), 245–246

Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG), 170, 295, 298–299

EVA. See ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)

FA. See furfuryl amine (FA)

fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs), 354

filler–filler interactions, 355

fillers, 179, 314, 371–376

• bioresourced fillers, 322

  • cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibres, 324–325

  • eggshell, 326

  • green silica, 323

  • lignin, 323–324

  • starch, 325–326

• clay, 319–320

• graphitic materials, 320

• hybrid fillers, 322

• MXene, 320–321

• silica, 317–319

• sustainable carbonaceous materials, 315–317

Flori–Stockmeyer gel theory, 151

fluorocarbon elastomer (FKM), 360

frequency-temperature equivalence, 344

FRPs. See fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs)

fuel economy, 330

furan-maleimide reactions, 42, 43

furfuryl amine (FA), 376

Gibbs free energy, 347

GNR. See guayule natural rubber (GNR)

GO. See graphene oxide (GO)

GR. See guayule rubber (GR)

Gram-negative bacteria, 20

graphene, 81, 116

graphene nanoplate (GnP), 81

graphene oxide (GO), 83, 191, 351, 374

graphite, 322

graphitic materials, 320

green chemical devulcanization systems, 4

• chemical devulcanization systems, 7–10

• devulcanization by bioremediation, 18–20

• pros and cons of commonly used devulcanizing agents, 23–24

• rubber devulcanization technologies, 5–7

• supercritical fluid medium for chemical devulcanization, 20–23

• thermo-oxidative devulcanization, 13–18

green functional ingredients

• activators for rubber vulcanization, 203–206

• antioxidants for rubber protection, 209–213

• processing oil for rubber compounding, 206–209

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 288–289

green silica, 323

green tyres, 287

• challenges and perspectives, 332–333

• circular economy, 289

  • 3R concept, 290–291

  • limitations of 3R concept and updated 7R concept, 291–292

• economic assessment of green tyre production, 330

  • cost effectiveness by replacing commercial silica with waste‑based silica, 330–331

  • fuel economy, 330

  • production cost, 330

• environmental impact of, 288

  • emission of greenhouse gas, 288–289

  • microplastics, 289

• global tyre consumption and market, 287–288

• significance of, 292–293

• sustainable ingredients for compounding green tyres, 293

  • fillers, 314–326

  • reversible crosslinking strategy, 309–314

  • sustainable alternatives of accelerators and activators, 326–327

  • sustainable alternatives of traditional tyre cords, 327–330

  • sustainable rubbers for, 295–309

ground tire rubber (GTR), 5

• green chemical devulcanization of, 11

• microwave devulcanization of, 12

• thermo-oxidative devulcanization of, 13

Grubbs’ second-generation Ru catalyst, 66

guayule natural rubber (GNR), 326

guayule rubber (GR), 173–175, 295–297

hard-soft thermoset alloys (HSTAs), 147

HBP. See hyperbranched polymer (HBP)

HBPA. See hyperbranched polyamide (HBPA)

HDI. See hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)

HDPE. See high-density polyethylene (HDPE)

heterogeneous crosslinking

• hybrid multi-networks based on dynamic covalent crosslinking, 147

  • hybrid network based on dynamic–static co-crosslinking, 151–152

  • polymer blend systems based on, 147–149

  • reversible interlocked networks based on, 149–151

• multiphase dynamic covalent crosslinking rubber networks based on, 137

  • crosslinking-induced phase separation of dynamic covalent polymer networks, 138–140

  • heterogeneously cross-linked network constructed sequential crosslinking, 140–146

HEUG. See hydrogenated Eucommia ulmoides gum (HEUG)

Hevea brasiliensis, 160, 295

hexadecyl amines, 10

hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 109

hexylamine (HEX), 326

high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 222, 241, 370

high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), 195

HNBR. See hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR)

Horikx theory, 22

HRTEM. See high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)

HSTAs. See hard-soft thermoset alloys (HSTAs)

hybrid curtain fabric, 329–330

hybrid fillers, 322

hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (xHNBR), 43, 49–50, 82

hydrogenated ENBR (EHNBR), 366

hydrogenated Eucommia ulmoides gum (HEUG), 171

hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR), 245, 363

hydrogenation, 363–364

hydrogen bonds, 95–97, 120–124

hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 16

hyperbranched polyamide (HBPA), 83

hyperbranched polymer (HBP), 351

hysteresis damping, 345

imine exchange chemistry, 54–57

imine metathesis, 88–89

in-situ inter-macromolecular complexation, 128

interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), 147, 193, 353–354

ionic bonds, 126–129

ionic liquids (ILs), 8, 346

IPNs. See interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs)

isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR), 246, 295

isoprene rubber (IR), 171

itaconic acid, 166

Kelvin–Voigt models, 39

ketones, 8

Kevlar nanofiber (KNF), 100, 101

latex co-precipitation, 189–190

LCEs. See liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs)

Lewis acid, 60

light-emitting devices, 279

lignin, 185, 323–324

• dry mixing, 186–189

• hybrid fillers, 190–191

• latex co-precipitation, 189–190

• structure and morphology of, 185–186

lignin-based polyurethane elastomer (LPUE), 167

linear viscoelastic regime (LVE), 344

lipid-soluble epigallocatechin gallate (isEGCG), 210

lipoic acid, 46

liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), 147

liquid natural rubber (LNR), 242

lithium aluminum hydride, 8

LPUE. See lignin-based polyurethane elastomer (LPUE)

lyocell fibre, 327–328

magic triangle parameters, 293

magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH), 374

material recovery, 291

Maxwell models, 39

mechanical milling, 97

mechano-chemical devulcanization process, 8

MEG. See monoethylene glycol (MEG)

mercapto-benzo-thiazole (MBT), 19

MES. See mild extracted solvent (MES)

meta-chloroperbenzoic acid, 365

metal–ligand coordination bonds, 124–126

metal–ligand interactions, 97–99

metal-like conductivity, 262

methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG), 367

methyl-3-mercaptopropionate, 275

methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVQ), 242

MgAl-LDH. See magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH)

microphase separation, 139

microplastics, 289

microwave-assisted pyrolysis method, 205

mild extracted solvent (MES), 304

MMT. See montmorillonite (MMT)

monoethylene glycol (MEG), 160

montmorillonite (MMT), 351, 374

Mooney viscosity, 10

MPEG. See methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG)

multilayer graphene (MLG), 374

multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 80, 346, 351, 374

MWCNTs. See multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

MXene, 320–321

N-acetylglucosamine, 193

N-acetylglycine (NAg), 123

nanocellulose, 180, 181, 197

• fiber–filled rubber composites, 181–185

• structure and morphology of, 180–181

nanofillers, 116, 350–352

nanoparticles (NPs), 223

natural elastomers, 170

• Eucommia ulmoides gum, 170–171

• guayule rubber, 173–175

• natural rubber, 170

• TKS, 171–173

natural fibres (NFs), 325

natural rubber (NR), 6, 43, 160, 170, 204, 241–242, 261, 287, 365, 367

• sustainable alternatives of, 295

  • dandelion rubber, 297–298

  • Eucommia ulmoides gum, 298–299

  • guayule rubber, 296–297

NCBs. See non-covalent bonds (NCBs)

near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, 117

NIPU. See non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)

nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), 245

nitrile rubber (NBR), 347, 360, 376

• blends and TPVs, 367–371

• carboxylated NBR, 366–367

• chemical structure of, 361

• effect of fillers and plasticizers, 371–376

• modification of, 362

  • chlorination, 365

  • epoxidation, 365–366

  • hydrogenation, 363–364

• oil resistance performance, 361–362

• perspectives, 376

• superior oil resistance of, 361

N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), 327

N,N-dimethyloctylamine (DMOA), 346

non-biodegradable waste, 289

non-covalent bonds (NCBs), 149

non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU), 169

non-polar polymers, 267

NR. See natural rubber (NR)

octadecylamine (OCT), 326

o-ethylhydroxylamine, 117

oil resistance, 238–239

oil-resistant rubber, 360

olefin metathesis reaction, 65–66

oligomer blending, 352–353

OMMT. See organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT)

optimal materials, 273

organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT), 374

oxirane ring, 366

PAE. See polyamide elastomer (PAE)

PAHs. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

palm oils (PO), 209

Parthenium argentatum, 296

Payne effect, 171, 190, 234, 319

PBR. See polybutadiene rubber (PBR)

PBT. See poly-butylene terephthalate (PBT)

PDA. See p-phenylenediamine (PDA)

PDMS. See polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

peroxides, 240

PET. See polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

phenolic formaldehyde (PF), 194

photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs), 212

phthalate-based plasticizers, 361

PLA. See polylactic acid (PLA)

plasticizers, 371–376

POE. See polyolefin elastomer (POE)

polar elastomers, 263–269

poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), 101

poly(butadiene) (PB), 42

poly(dibutyl itaconate-butadiene) (PDBIB), 300

poly(dibutyl itaconate-co-isoprene-co-methacrylic acid) (PDIM), 300

poly(dimethyl-co-methyvinyl siloxanes), 264

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 353

polyamide (PA), 239

polyamide 6 (PA6), 244

polyamide elastomer (PAE), 370, 371

polybutadiene rubber (PBR), 110, 295, 365

polybutylene succinate (PBS), 163, 244

poly-butylene terephthalate (PBT), 164

polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 244

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 206, 303

polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 43, 51, 90, 115, 117, 230, 231, 261, 267

polyethylene (PE), 138

polyethylene furanoate (PEF), 163

polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 163, 244

polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), 244

polyisobutylene (PIB), 353

polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA), 246

polyisoprene (PI), 42

polylactic acid (PLA), 163, 222, 244, 352

polymer, 352–353

polymer alloys (PAs), 147

polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), 346

polymer networks, 34

polyolefin elastomer (POE), 189, 241

polypropylene (PP), 139, 219, 240–241, 370

Poly-R478, 18

polysaccharides, 191

• chitin, 193

• chitosan, 193–194

• starch, 191–193

polystyrene (PS), 302

polysulfide rubber (PSR), 47

polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), 163

polyurea (PUR), 61

polyurethane elastomers, 167

polyurethanes (PUs), 43, 61, 114, 115

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 351, 370

polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 229, 244, 276

post-polymerization modifications, 263, 264

PP. See polypropylene (PP)

p-phenylenediamine (PDA), 88, 210

PUs. See polyurethanes (PUs)

PVC. See polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

PVDF. See polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

pyridinium bromide, 92

pyrococcus furiosus, 19

pyroelectric effect, 277

pyrolysis, 3

pyrolysis oil (PO), 195

R&D. See research and development (R&D)

RDB. See residual double bond (RDB)

Recinicum bicolor, 18

reclaimed GTR (RGTR), 5, 12

reclaimed silanized silica (r-SS), 16

rectorite, 374

recycled PET (r-PET), 327

regenerated PET fibre, 328

relaxor ferroelectric materials, 277

renewable resource materials (RRMs), 12

reprocessability, 76

reprocessable networks, 59

research and development (R&D), 297

residual double bond (RDB), 363

retro-Diels–Alder reaction (rDA reaction), 40, 115

reversibly interlocked polymer networks (RILNs), 149

RHA. See rice husk ash (RHA)

rice husk, 190

rice husk ash (RHA), 323

rice husk silica, 196–197

rolling resistance, 293

RPA. See rubber process analyzer (RPA)

RRMs. See renewable resource materials (RRMs)

r-SS. See reclaimed silanized silica (r-SS)

rubber devulcanization technologies, 5–7

rubber matrix, 187, 207

rubber/plastic (R/P) ratio, 222, 225–226

rubber process analyzer (RPA), 300, 344

rubber recycling, 3, 4

rubbers, 341

• damping capacity of, 345

  • chemical modification of elastomers, 346–347

  • forming laminated structural composites, 354–355

  • incorporation of small molecules, 347–350

  • interpenetrating polymer networks, 353–354

  • nanofillers, 350–352

  • polymer and oligomer blending, 352–353

SAXS. See small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

SBRs. See styrene–butadiene–rubbers (SBRs)

SCMC. See sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC)

sebacic acid (SA), 79

self-assembly technology, 189

self-healing, 76

shear rate, 230

shear viscosity, 236

SIC. See strain-induced crystallization (SIC)

silica (SiO₂), 81–83, 196, 207, 317–319, 371

silicates, 81–83

silicon rubber (SiR), 242–244

siloxane exchange reaction, 59

silyl ether exchange chemistry, 60

silyl ether exchange reactions, 60

single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), 101, 374

Si–O exchange chemistry, 59–61

skeletal network (SN), 145

slow pyrolysis, 194

small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 58, 233

sodium alginate (NaAlg), 84

sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC), 97

soft matrix-induced large extensibility of hard rubber (SMILE-HR), 141

soft robotics, 279

solid-state cooling devices, 260

solid-state refrigeration, 276

solution-casting method, 193

solution-polymerized styrene–myrcene–butadiene rubber (S-SMBR), 300

solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR), 12

soybean oil (SBO), 309

SSBR. See solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR)

standard temperature and pressure (STP), 21

starch, 191–193, 325–326

starch-g-poly(butyl acrylate) (ST-g-PBA), 191

starch-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) (ST-g-PMMA), 191, 192

starch-g-poly-starch-g-polystyrene (ST-g-PS), 191

stearyl amines, 10

STP. See standard temperature and pressure (STP)

strain-induced crystallization (SIC), 260, 295, 364

stress relaxation curves, 113

stress–strain curves, 141

structure–property relationships, 265

styrene–butadiene–rubbers (SBRs), 10, 50, 81, 109, 142, 160, 191, 204, 287, 295, 365

succinic acid (SA), 309

sulfur polymers (SP), 165

sulfur radicals, 314

supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), 20, 22

supercritical fluids, 4

• for chemical devulcanization, 20–23

sustainable carbonaceous materials, 315–317

sustainable rubbers, 295

sustainable SBR, 302–303

SWCNTs. See single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)

synthetic SBR, 302

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), 170, 171–173, 297

TDAE. See treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE)

tea oils (TO), 209

terpene resins (TRs), 348

tetrahydrofuran (THF), 302

thermal generators, 260

thermo-chemical devulcanization, 6

thermodynamics, 107

thermomechanical analysis (TMA), 39

thermomechanical devulcanization, 6

thermo-oxidative aging process, 209

thermo-oxidative devulcanization, 13–18, 25

thermophilic heterotroph, 19

thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 164, 218, 370

thermoplastic polyamides (TPAEs), 218

thermoplastic polyester elastomers (TPEEs), 164, 238, 370

thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs), 218

thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), 168, 218

thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs), 145, 218, 247, 367–371

• bio-based TPVs, 246–247

• formation mechanism, 221–224

• general TPVs, 240

  • ethylene–propylene–diene monomer/polypropylene, 240–241

  • natural rubber or epoxidized natural rubber, 241–242

  • polyolefin elastomer/polypropylene, 241

• influencing factors for microstructure morphology of, 224

  • crosslinking degree of rubber phase, 226–229

  • effects of additives, 231–232

  • effects of compatibilizers, 230–231

  • plastic phase characteristics, 225

  • processing conditions, 229–230

  • rubber phase characteristics, 224–225

  • rubber/plastic ratio, 225–226

• performance of, 232

  • elasticity of, 234–235

  • gas barrier performance, 239

  • mechanical properties, 232–233

  • oil resistance, 238–239

  • processability of, 235–238

• preparation methods, 220–221

• rheological properties of, 236

• special TPVs, 242

  • acrylic rubber, 244–245

  • ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber, 245–246

  • isobutylene–isoprene rubber, 246

  • nitrile-butadiene rubber, 245

  • silicon rubber, 242–244

• thermoplasticity of, 219

thioctic acid, 46

thiol–ene addition, 263

thiol–ene click reaction, 40, 88

thiol-modified cellulose fiber, 182–183

three-dimensional crosslinking network, 219

three-dimensional (3D) printing, 246

thymol, 210

TKS. See Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS)

topology freezing transition temperature, 38

TPEEs. See thermoplastic polyester elastomers (TPEEs)

TPEs. See thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs)

TPUs. See thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs)

TPVs. See thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs)

Trametes versicolor, 18

trans-1,4-poly(butadiene-co-isoprene) copolymer (TBIR), 300

trans-1,4-polyisoprene, 298

transalkylation chemistry, 57–59

transamination, 90–92

transesterification, 47–52, 78

• biobased fillers, 84–88

• boron nitride, 83–84

• carbonaceous fillers, 78–81

• silica and silicates, 81–83

transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 233

trans-oxyalkylation, 92–94

treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE), 206, 304

trialkyl phosphites, 8

triallyl cyanurate (TAC), 242

triazabicyclodecene (TBD), 47, 59

triazoline dione (TAD), 301

trifluoroethylene (TrFE), 276

triglycerides, 206

trimethylsulfonium iodide (TMSI), 58

triphenylphosphine (TPP), 8

two-dimensional carbon-based material, 81

ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), 173

unsaturated polyester elastomers (UPE), 247

valorization process, 5

van der Waals force, 348

vanillin 1,2-propylene glycol acetal (VPGA), 112

vinyl-1,2-butadiene, 361

vinylidene fluoride (VDF), 276

vinylpyridine rubber (VPR), 58, 92, 188

viscoelastic damping materials (VDMs), 341

vitrimeric rubbers, 52

vitrimer-like behavior, 40

vitrimer-like polymers, 112

vitrimers, 36, 38

volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 5, 24

VPGA. See vanillin 1,2-propylene glycol acetal (VPGA)

VPR. See vinylpyridine rubber (VPR)

vulcanization systems, 107

Wang’s equation, 225

waste natural rubber powders (WNRPs), 47

wheel of modern civilization, 287

Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) model, 37, 344

WNRPs. See waste natural rubber powders (WNRPs)

Wu’s equation, 225

XNBR. See carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 18

Young’s modulus, 43, 49, 79, 119, 121, 171, 184, 344

ZDEDC. See zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEDC)

ZFAs. See zinc-free processing aids (ZFAs)

zinc catalyst, 87

zinc chloride (ZnCl₂), 10, 187

zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEDC), 246

zinc-free processing aids (ZFAs), 327

zinc oxide (ZnO), 99, 203, 246, 309, 327

zinc stearate (ZnSt), 203, 204

ZnO. See zinc oxide (ZnO)