Subject Index Free

ABVC BioPharma, 80

Acanthamoeba, 30

acetazolamide, 318, 319

acrylic intraocular lenses, 55

active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), 401

adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), 262, 430–431

• AAV-2-based vector, 434

adenoviruses, 262

adhesion molecules (AMs), 271

adipic dihydrazide (ADH), 80

Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs), 192

aflibercept microspheres, 367

age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 9, 353–354

aldehyde-modified hyaluronan, 82

AlexaFluor-647, 84

alginate–poly(l-lysine)-coated collagen composites, 371

AlloDerm, 300

alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), 52

alumina, 400

aluminium oxide, 163

amniotic membranes, 330–331

animal-derived tissues, 300–301

anterior capsular opacification (ACO), 59, 60

anterior-segment drug delivery, 311

• barriers and challenges to, 312–314

• eye drop-based drug delivery

  • conventional eye drops, 314–317

  • nanoparticle eye drops, 317–320

  • prodrugs and soft drugs, 320–321

• iontophoresis, 331

  • delivery of dexamethasone, 334

  • delivery of riboflavin, 334–335

• material-based

  • amniotic membranes, 330–331

  • contact lenses, 322–326

  • intracameral inserts, 329–330

  • ocular surface inserts, 326–328

  • punctal plugs, 328–329

Antheraea mylitta, 210

antimicrobial lenses, 27

anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PDL1), 361

anti-VEGF drugs, 10

aqueous humor, 5

arginyl–glycyl–asparatic acid (RGD), 271

artificial full-thickness corneas, 213–215

astigmatism, 8

augmented vision/reality, 39

auricular cartilage, 292–295

autologous materials, 157

Avastin®, 361

azobenzenes, 426

bacterial quorum-sensing systems, 35

bacteriorhodopsin (BR), 126–127

BAK (benzalkonium chloride), 316

balanced saline solution (BSS), 73

benzoyl peroxide, 54

besifloxacin, 318, 408

bevacizumab, 362

bifocal rigid gas-permeable lenses, 36

bi-layered PCL–chitosan implant, 374

bioactive agents, 271

Bio-Alcamid®, 77

bioceramic implants, 158–159

biodegradable OCPs, 113

bioengineering of tarsus, 301–304

biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275

bio-interfacing array, 101–102

biomaterials, defined, 11, 194

biosynthetic stromal substitutes, 207

bipolar cells, 351

blink sensors, 38

blood–retinal barrier (BRB), 353, 355

blow-fill-seal technology (BFS), 316–317

Bombyx mori, 210

Bowman’s layer. See epithelial basement membrane

brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), 368

brimonidine, 319

Brimonidine Drug Delivery System (Brimo DDS®), 374

Bruch’s membrane, 272, 273, 352

1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), 80

caffeic acid, 365

calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA), 162

Calhoun Vision, Inc., 64

Canada, regulatory framework in, 455

• cell and gene therapy products, 457–459

• combination products, 459–460

• medical devices, 455–457

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 315–316

carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 104, 118–122

carbon nanovesicles, 362

carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 368

carboxymethylchitosan (CMCTS), 81

carteolol, 318

cataracts, 8–9, 48

• drug delivery for cataract patients, 60–61

• and treatments, 48–51

CD44, 421

cell and gene therapy products (CGTPs), 457–459, 465–466

• definitions of, 445–446

• manufacturing facility requirements, 448

• quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers of, 447–448

• regulatory frameworks for, 446–447

cell-based therapies of cornea, 208. See also retinal regeneration and repair, cell-based therapies for

• extracellular vesicles (EVs), 212–213

• therapeutic cell cultivation, biomaterials for, 212

• therapeutic cell delivery

  • natural biomaterials for, 209–211

  • synthetic scaffolds for, 211–212

cell scaffolds

• natural biomaterials as, 273

• synthetic biomaterials as, 273–274

cell therapy products (CTPs), 457–458

CEP290 gene, 265

ceramic implants, 157–158

ceramics, 400–401

chitosan, 209–210, 265, 315, 411

chitosan–collagen hydrogel scaffolds, 210

chitosan-grafted PNIPAAm hydrogels, 371

cholera toxin B (CTB), 421–422

cholesterol, 264

chondromucosal grafts, 295

choroid, 6

choroidal neovascularization (CNV), 9

CI26, 211

ciliary body, 5

ciliary muscles, 49

ciprofloxacin, 318

clear lens epithelial cells, 6

coated MNs, 404

collagen, 4, 273

collagen-like peptides (CLP), 216

composite biomaterials, 196

composite materials, 160

computer-aided design (CAD), 186

conductive hydrogels, 130

conjunctiva, 25, 217

• cell sources and culture techniques, 219–220

conjunctival autograft, 219

conjunctival cells, 222

conjunctival epithelial cells, 223

• for tissue-engineered conjunctival constructs, 219

conjunctival epithelial substitute, 220

• biological substrates for, 221–223

• synthetic substrates for, 223

contact lens discomfort (CLD), 30–32

contact lens dropout, 33–34

contact lenses, 322–326, 375–376

• care system components, 23

• indications for wear

  • lens care systems, 22

  • medical uses, 20

  • refractive error, 19–20

  • rigid lens use, 21–22

  • soft lens use, 20–21

• materials

  • historical perspective, 14–16

  • material requirements, 13–14

  • regulation and classification, 16–19

• -related complications, 28

  • corneal infection, 29–30

  • corneal inflammation, 28–29

• types of, 14

• unintended ocular effects of, 22

  • corneal sensitivity, 28

  • elastic modulus, 23–24

  • lens movement and tear exchange, 24–25

  • oxygen transmissibility, 26

  • spoilation/deposition, 26–27

  • subclinical inflammation, 27

  • tribology (frictional effects), 25

• user challenges with, 30

  • adherence, 34–35

  • handling, 33

  • vision, 32–33

contact lenses, future opportunities with, 35

• augmented vision/reality, 39

• drug delivery and theranostics, 38–39

• to improve vision

  • customised optics for diseased eyes, 36

  • low-vision enhancements, 36

  • myopia control, 35

  • presbyopia, accommodative lenses for, 35–36

• ocular and systemic disease, diagnosis and screening for, 36

  • diabetes, 36–37

  • dry eye disease (DED), 37–38

  • glaucoma, 37

contact lens-induced dry eye (CLIDE), 25

contact lens papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC), 26

contemporary contact lens materials, 16

controlled drug-delivery system, 61

controlled-release strategies for intraocular lenses, 61–64

conventional eye drops, 314–317

CoreNeat KPro, 214

cornea, 3, 4–5, 204, 331

• artificial corneas, 213–215

• cell-based therapies, 208

  • biomaterials for therapeutic cell cultivation, 212

  • extracellular vesicles (EVs), 212–213

  • natural biomaterials for therapeutic cell delivery, 209–211

  • synthetic scaffolds for therapeutic cell delivery, 211–212

• cell-free biomaterials stimulating in situ tissue regeneration

  • entering clinical realm, 215–216

  • fully-defined synthetic implants promoting regeneration, 216–217

  • injectable hydrogels, 217

• cellular layers of

  • corneal endothelial replacement, 208

  • corneal epithelium and limbus, 206–207

  • stromal replacement, 207–208

cornea, strategies to replace and regenerate, 190

• artificial corneas, 213–215

• biomaterial fabrication technologies, 194

  • fabrication techniques for corneal and anterior segment repair, 197–202

  • injectable biomaterials, 202–203

  • nanotechnologies and composites, 203–204

  • regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications, biomaterials for, 194–197

• cell-based therapies, 208–213

• cell-free biomaterials stimulating in situ tissue regeneration, 215–217

• cell sources and culture techniques, 219–220

• conjunctiva, 217

• conjunctival epithelial substitute, 220

  • biological substrates for, 221–223

  • synthetic substrates for, 223

• corneal endothelial replacement, 208

• corneal epithelium and limbus, 206–207

• regenerative medicine strategies, 192

  • ex vivo versus in situ tissue engineering, biomaterials in, 193–194

  • gene transfer, biomaterials and, 192–193

  • stem cells and cell derivatives, biomaterials for, 193

• stromal replacement, 207–208

• tissue replacement, anterior segment need for, 191–192

• trabecular meshwork (TM), 223

  • regeneration, 224–226

  • structure and function, 224

• translational aspects

  • emerging regenerative therapies, regulatory framework for clinical use of, 228–229

  • preclinical to clinical development, challenges moving from, 226–228

corneal and anterior segment repair

• biomaterials in, 196–197

• fabrication techniques for, 197–202

corneal collagen crosslinking procedures, 334

corneal endothelial cells (CECs), 208, 209, 212

corneal endothelial replacement, 208

corneal endothelium, 4, 26

corneal epithelium and limbus, 206–207

corneal infection, 29–30

corneal inflammation, 28–29

corneal mesenchymal stem cell exosomes, 213

corneal sensitivity, with contact lenses, 28

corneal transparency, 5

COVID-19 pandemic, 194

COVID-19 vaccines, 258

CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) enzyme, 259

cryolite glass, 159

crystalline lens, 5

crystallin proteins, 49

curcumin-loaded nanomicelles, 359

customised optics for diseased eyes, 36

cyclodextrins, 315

cyclosporine A, 318

decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), 222, 272–273

decellularized tissues, 210

Deep Orbital Sub-Q Restylane injections, 162

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 421

delivery technologies, 356

• contact lenses, 375–376

• hydrogel technology, 369–373

• implants, 373–375

• microtechnology, 364–369

• nanotechnology, 357–364

dendrimers, 319

dendritic-like cells, 27

denuded amniotic membranes (dAMs), 272

deposition, on contact lenses, 26–27

deprotonation, 422

dermis fat graft (DFG), 157

Descemet’s membrane (DM), 4, 208, 210, 272

dexamethasone, 318

• iontophoresis delivery of, 334

dexa-methasone–peptide conjugates (Dex–PC), 370

diabetes, 36–37

diabetic macular edema (DME), 354

diabetic retinopathy (DR), 7, 9, 354, 359

diagnostic/theranostic smart materials, 428–431

diamond, 127–129

diffractive intraocular lenses, 50

diffusion-controlled release systems, 62

1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 264

dipivefrin, 321

diseased eyes, customised optics for, 36

dissolution-controlled release systems, 61–62

dissolved oxygen, 3

dissolving MNs, 405–409

double-strand break (DSB), 260

double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), 259

drug delivery

• anterior segment. See anterior-segment drug delivery

• with intraocular lenses

  • cataract patients, drug delivery for, 60–61

  • controlled-release strategies for IOLs, 61–64

• and theranostics, 38–39

drug-eluting contact lenses, 374

drug-loaded nanoparticles, 63

drug product (DP), 447

drug-releasing contact lenses, 38

drug substance (DS), 447

drusen, 9

dry AMD, 9

dry eye disease (DED), 4, 37–38

E-cadherin, 53

edetate disodium (EDTA), 316

EDIT-101 (Editas Medicine), 265

elastic modulus, of contact lenses, 23–24

electroretinography (ERG), 81, 358

electrospinning, 274

Elschnig’s pearls, 51

embryonic stem cells (ESCs), 267–268

encapsulating drugs, 318

EndoArt®, 211

endogenously controlled smart materials, 420–424

endophthalmitis, 61

endothelial pump, 5

ENDURAGen, 300

enucleation and evisceration, orbital implants after. See orbital implants after enucleation and evisceration

epidermal growth factor (EGF), 52

epithelial basement membrane, 4

epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), 52, 53

1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), 215

European Union, regulatory framework in, 460

• advanced therapy medicinal products, 461–462

• combination products, 462–463

• expedited programs, 463

• medical devices, 460–461

exogenously stimulated smart materials, 424–428

exosomes, 212, 213

extended depth of focus (EDF), 36, 50

extracellular matrix (ECM), 194, 210, 352

extracellular vesicles (EVs), 212–213, 362–363

ex vivo versus in situ tissue engineering, biomaterials in, 193–194

eye

• anatomy and physiology of, 1

  • ciliary body, 5

  • cornea, 3, 4–5

  • iris, 5

  • lens, 5–6

  • neural retina, 6–7

  • Schlemm’s canal, 5

  • tear film, 1–4

  • vitreous humor, 6

• general anatomy of, 2

eye drop-based drug delivery

• conventional eye drops, 314–317

• nanoparticle eye drops, 317

  • dendrimers, 319

  • liposomes, 318

  • nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions, 320

  • niosomes, 318–319

  • polymeric nanocarriers, 318

  • solid lipid nanoparticles, 319–320

• prodrugs and soft drugs, 320–321

EyeGate II drug-delivery system, 334

eyelid anatomy, 288–289

EyeLief® system, 371

eye-related conditions and statistics, 7–10

fabrication technologies, biomaterial

• for corneal and anterior segment repair, 196–202

• injectable biomaterials, 202–203

• nanotechnologies and composites, 203–204

• ophthalmic applications, requirements for biomaterials intended for, 196

far sightedness. See hyperopia

fibrin, 209

fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 52

fibrosis, 60

fibrotic opacification, 52

Fick’s laws of diffusion, 62

first-generation silicone hydrogel lenses, 24

fluorescein angiography (FA), 428

fluorescein isothiocyanate–ovalbumin (FITC-OVA) NP-loaded MN, 407

5-fluorouracil, 360

foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB), 76

foreign-body responses (FBRs), 101

fornix, 154–155

free flaps, 176

Frost, W. A., 151

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), 208

Fusarium, 30

gangciclovir, 318

ganglion cell layer (GNL), 87

GelCORE, 203

gene addition, 259

gene delivery, 258

• biomaterials for, 261

  • non-viral vectors, 263–265

  • viral vectors, 262–263

• developments, 265–266

• future directions, 266

• types of, 259–261

gene editing, 259–261

gene silencing, 259

gene-therapy classifications, 469

gene-therapy clinical trials, 470

gene-therapy manufacturing, 469–470

gene transfer, biomaterials and, 192–193

geographic atrophy (GA), 9, 354

glaucoma, 5, 9, 37, 257, 355

glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs), 433

glaucoma shunt/stent, 9

glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), 365, 368

glial cells, 122

glycoprotein mucins, 3

glycosaminoglycans, 4, 5, 6

glycidic methacrylate-modified HA (GMHA) hydrogels, 80

(3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) crosslinker, 118

goblet-associated passages (GAPs), 218

gold nanospheres, 430

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), 412

Gore synthetic cornea, 214

Graves ophthalmopathy, 300

green electronics. See organic bioelectronics

GS030 (GenSight Biologics), 265, 266

gypsum-based mold, 181

hard palate mucoperiosteum, 291–292

hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 52

hermetic encapsulation, 100

hollow MNs, 404–405

human amniotic membrane, 209

human amniotic membrane powder (HAMP), 274

human ESC (hESC), 267

human iPSC (hiPSC), 267

human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 267

human tissues, 297–300

human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hUTCs), 269

human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), 361

hyalocytes, 6

hyaluronan (HA)-oxime, development of, 83

hyaluronan, 315. See also hyaluronic acid

hyaluronic acid (HA), 6, 264, 273, 315

hybrid contact lenses, 13

hydrogel contact lens polymers, 15

hydrogel lenses, 56

hydrogels, 129–130, 162, 369–373

• chitosan-grafted PNIPAAm hydrogels, 371

• conductive, 130

• injectable, 217

• poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based, 76

hydrogen peroxide-based systems, 22

hydrophobically-modified poly(ethylene glycol) (HM-PEG), 64

2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, 54

hydroxyapatite (Hap), 158, 163

hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), 14

hydroxypropylchitosan (HPCTS), 81

hyperopia, 8

hyperopic eye, 8

hypoxia, 28

• short term, 26

IBE-814 IVT, 369

Iluviens®, 373

immunoglobulin G (IgG), 362

implants, 373–375

indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate, 114

induced pluripotent stem cell-derived TM cell (iPSC-TM), 224

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), 209, 267, 468

• -derived tissue classification, 468

• -derived tissue clinical trials, 469

• -derived tissue manufacturing, 468–469

inflammatory cells, 52

infrared imaging, 25

inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs), 356

injectable biomaterials, 202–203

injectable hydrogels, 217

injectable lenses, 64

inner nuclear layer (INL), 87

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), 372

integrated (porous) and non-integrated (non-porous) orbital implants, 160–162

integrated materials, 157

• bioceramic implants, 158–159

• ceramic implants, 157–158

• hydroxyapatite (Hap) implants, 158

• porous polyethylene (PE), 159

internal limiting membrane (ILM), 350

interocular pressure (IOP), 37

intracameral inserts, 329–330

intraocular lenses (IOLs), 48, 49

• advanced, 64–65

• cataracts and treatments, 48–51

• drug delivery with

  • for cataract patients, 60–61

  • controlled-release strategies for IOLs, 61–64

• material composition, 54

  • bulk properties, 56

  • polymers, 54–56

• posterior capsular opacification (PCO)

  • lens epithelium and phenotypic changes that result in, 51–53

  • risk factors, 53–54

• strategies to improve

  • material properties’ influence on PCO in clinical studies, 57–58

  • surface modification, 58–59

• surface properties, 57

intraocular pressure (IOP), 5, 9, 224, 356, 433

in vivo confocal microscopy, 28

in vivo laser confocal imaging, 27

ionizable cationic lipid (ICL), 263–264

iontophoresis, 331

• delivery of dexamethasone, 334

• delivery of riboflavin, 334–335

iris, 5

I-vation™, 373

keratin films, 210

keratoprostheses (KPro), 213

lacrimal functional unit, 3

lactoferrin, 4, 319

Ladd, Anna Coleman, 184

laser capsulotomy, 51

laser treatment/surgery, 9

latanoprost, 318

late-stage dry AMD. See geographic atrophy

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), 258

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), 374

lens, 5–6

lens care systems, 22

lens epithelial cells (LECs), 49, 53

lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF), 25

lid-wiper epitheliopathy (LWE), 25

light-activated protein films, 126–127

limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), 206–207, 212, 213

limbus, 25, 206–207

lipid-based vectors, 263

lipid layer of tear film, 3

lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), 263

Lipiview® interferometer, 25

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

liposomal cationic lipids, 263

liposomes, 318

LiQD Cornea, 203, 217

liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), 64, 103, 104–107

long-acting ocular drug delivery using MNs, 409–411

loteprednol etabonate, 321

lower critical solution temperature (LCST), 274, 425

low-vision enhancements, 36

lutein–graphene oxide nanosheets, 360

Luxturna®, 265, 430

lymphocyte-derived microparticles (LMPs), 368

lysozyme, 4, 26

macromer, 64

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, 427

material-based anterior-segment drug delivery

• amniotic membranes, 330–331

• contact lenses, 322–326

• intracameral inserts, 329–330

• ocular surface inserts, 326–328

• punctal plugs, 328–329

Mati Therapeutics, 329

matrix-controlled/monolithic diffusion systems, 62

matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), 81

matrix metalloproteinases, 4

medical devices

• definitions of, 448–449

• facility requirements, manufacturing, 454–455

• quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers, 451–454

• sub-classification of, 449–451

medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), 81

meibomian glands, 3

membrane-controlled diffusion systems, 62

mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA), 65

mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 224–225, 267, 363, 430

• and human umbilical tissue-derived cells, 268–269

messenger RNA (mRNA), 259

metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), 430

methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA), 367

2-methacryoloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), 216

microbes, 182

microbubbles, 431

microelectrode array (MEA), 98

microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 401

microelectronic microsystems (MEMS), 433

microneedle (MN), 367, 399

• barriers to commercialisation and future perspectives, 412–413

• long-acting ocular drug delivery using, 409–411

• material types and fabrication techniques, 400–402

• for ocular delivery, 399–400

• strategies to facilitate intraocular drug delivery using, 402

  • coated MNs, 404

  • dissolving MNs, 405–409

  • hollow MNs, 404–405

microphotodiode array (MPDA), 98

microRNA, 259

microtechnology, 364–369

minimum effective concentration (MEC), 61

minimum toxic concentration (MTC), 61

MIRAgel (MAI), 76

modulus of elasticity. See Young’s modulus

monofocal intraocular lenses, 49–50

moulding, 197

mucoadhesive compounds, 315

Mules, P. H., 151

Mules sphere, 151

multi-dose eye drops, 316

multifocal-design soft contact lenses, 35

myopia, 8

myopia control, 35

myopic eye, 8

Müller glial cells (MCs), 256, 269–270

nanoemulsions, 320

nanomaterials

• carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 118–122

• nanowires (NWs), 123–126

nanoparticle eye drops, 317

• dendrimers, 319

• liposomes, 318

• nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions, 320

• niosomes, 318–319

• polymeric nanocarriers, 318

• solid lipid nanoparticles, 319–320

nanospheres, 264–265

nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), 358–359, 362

nanosuspensions, 320

nanotechnologies, 357–364

• and composites, 203–204

nanowires (NWs), 123–126

nasal septal chondromucosa, 295–296

natamycin, 318, 319

natural biomaterials, 194

• as cell scaffolds, 273

• for therapeutic cell delivery, 209–211

natural polymers, 75, 265, 371

• substitutes based on, 80–82

nearsightedness. See myopia

neural retina, 6–7

neuronal death, 257

N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 215

niosomes, 318–319

nitrogen-doped ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) electrodes, 128

non-integrating implants, grafts and wrapping, 159–160

non-pegged implants, 161

non-pharmaceutical smart materials, 431–434

non-polysaccharide natural polymers, 81

non-proliferative DR, 9

non-viral vectors, 263–265

N-phenylacrylamide (NPA), 79

nutrient transport, 3

N-vinylpyrrolidinone (NVP), 80

ocular and facial prostheses, modern biomaterials usage in, 173

• intraoperative considerations, 175–178

• orbital prosthesis, using, 182–183

• postoperative considerations, 178–179

• pre-exenteration decision making, 174–175

• prosthesis fabrication, 179–182

• realistic prostheses, historical review and advances in, 183–186

ocular and systemic disease, diagnosis and screening for, 36

• diabetes, 36–37

• dry eye disease (DED), 37–38

• glaucoma, 37

ocular coherence tomography (OCT), 87

ocular drug delivery, microneedle approaches to, 399–400

• barriers to commercialisation and future perspectives, 412–413

• long-acting ocular drug delivery using MNs, 409–411

• microneedle (MN) manufacture, 400–402

• strategies to facilitate, 402

  • coated MNs, 404

  • dissolving MNs, 405–409

  • hollow MNs, 404–405

ocular oxygen, 3

ocular surface inserts, 326–328

ofloxacin, 319

ophthalmic applications, smart materials in, 419

• diagnostic/theranostic smart materials, 428–431

• endogenously controlled smart materials, 420–424

• exogenously stimulated smart materials, 424–428

• future perspectives, 435

• non-pharmaceutical smart materials, 431–434

ophthalmic materials, considerations for, 10

ophthalmic prodrug, 320

optical coherence tomography (OCT), 268, 428

optic nerve, 356

optic neuropathy, 356

optogenetics, 265

orbital implants after enucleation and evisceration, 150–152

• autologous materials, 157

• complications, implant-related, 163

• composite materials, 160

• implant exposure, extrusion, and infection, 155–156

• implant migration, 153–154

• implant motility, 154–155

• integrated (porous) and non-integrated (non-porous) orbital implants, 160–162

• integrated materials, 157

  • bioceramic implants, 158–159

  • ceramic implants, 157–158

  • hydroxyapatite (Hap) implants, 158

  • porous polyethylene (PE), 159

• mental health, viewpoint on, 164–165

• non-integrating implants, grafts and wrapping, 159–160

• non-surgical alternatives, 162–163

• paediatric patient, 164

• pegging to enhance orbital motility, 163–164

orbital implant volume, 152–153

orbital prosthesis, using, 182–183

organic bioelectronics, 113

organic conducting polymers (OCPs), 103–104, 107, 113

• thiophene-based, 114–118

orthokeratology, 35

ortho-nitrobenzyl (o-NB), 427

osmolarity, 316

osseointegrative implants, 175, 177

outer nuclear layer (ONL), 87

ovalbumin (OVA), 411

overnight lens wear, 29

oxidative stress, 359

oxime-crosslinked hyaluronan as a vitreous substitute

• hyaluronan (HA)-oxime, development of, 83

• in vivo biocompatibility, 85–87

• in vivo stability, 84–85

• oxime ligation as a crosslinking strategy, 82

• physical characterization, 83–84

• retinal function, assessment of, 87–88

oxygen transmissibility, of contact lenses, 26

Ozurdex®, 373

palisades of Vogt, 206

pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), 73

parylene, 274

Paré, Ambroise, 183

PEDOT polymerisation, 120

pegging, 163–164

PEGylated microemulsion, 366

PEGylation, 264

penetratin, 264

penetrating keratoplasty (PK), 194, 205

perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs), 73

pericranial periosteum, 296–297

phenolic and cellulose plastics, 184

phospholipids, 263, 264

photic artifacts, 50

photoreceptors (PRs), 256

pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF), 372

pilocarpine, 315, 319

pinocembrin, 365

plaster-like gypsum-based material is, 179

plasticized poly(vinyl chloride), 184

pleomorphism, 26

pluripotent stem cells, 267–268

poly(2-hydroxylethyl acrylate) (PHEA), 76

poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), 107, 113

poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx), 302

poly(acrylamide-co-bisacryloylcystamine) (AAm-co-BAC), 79

polyamidoamine (PAMAM), 360

poly(benzyl glutamate) (PBG), 274

polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), 184, 273, 193, 367, 401

poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), 196, 223, 274

polyethylene, 104, 274

polyethylene glycol (PEG), 58, 430, 196

polyethyleneimine (PEI), 265, 363, 366

polyglactin mesh, 160

poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), 274

polylactic acid (PLA), 196, 411

poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), 196, 223, 271, 274, 411

poly(l-lactic acid), 223

poly(l-lysine) (PLL), 265

polymegethism, 26

polymeric encapsulation, 104

polymeric materials, 104

polymeric micro-/nanoparticles, 411

polymeric nanocarriers, 318

polymeric nanoparticles, 264, 411

polymeric orbital implant (PMOI), 159

polymeric vitreous substitutes, 75

• crosslinking methods, 75–76

• natural polymers, 75

• synthetic polymers, 75

polymers, 54–56

poly(methacrylamide-co-methacrylate-co-N,N'-bismethacryloylcystamine) (MAM-co-MAA-co-BMAC), 79

poly(methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), 76

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 14, 48, 156, 159, 184

poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide-co-carboxybetaine acrylamide) co-polymer (PNAGA-PCBAA), 128

poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) polymer, 212, 274

polypeptide (PEP), 430

polyphenols, 365

poly(propylene fumarate), 302

poly(pyrrole), 107

poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBH), 80

POLYRETINA device, 117–118

polysaccharide, 315

poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSS), 366

poly(tetrafluoroethylene), 223

poly(thiophene), 107

polyurethane, 104

poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 196

• -based hydrogels, 76

polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–chitosan hydrogel, 365

porous polyethylene (PE), 159, 163, 301

positron emission tomography (PET), 428

posterior capsular opacification (PCO), 9, 51

• lens epithelium and phenotypic changes that result in, 51–53

• material properties’ influence on, 57–58

• risk factors, 53–54

posterior lamellar grafts, indications for the use of, 289

posterior segment anatomy, 349–353

posterior-segment pathology and available treatments, 353–356

pre-exenteration decision making, 174–175

presbyopia, 6, 8

• accommodative lenses for, 35–36

• -correcting IOLs, 50

preservative-free multidose (PFMD) dispensers, 316

pressure regulation, in eye, 5

primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 329

prodrugs and soft drugs, 320–321

proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 9

proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), 355

pro-regenerative injectable hydrogels, 217

prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor (PGF_2α) analogues, 321

prosthesis fabrication, 179–182

protamine sulfate (PRM), 368

protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), 260

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 29

pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, 208

punctal plugs, 328–329

Pykus Therapeutics, 79

quality control (QC) testing, 412

quality management systems (QMS) requirements, for manufacturers, 447–448, 451–454

rapamycin, 360

reactive oxygen species (ROS), 360

realistic prostheses, historical review and advances in, 183–186

recombinant human type III (RHCIII), 215

refractive error, 19–20

refractive index (RI), 56

regenerative medicine strategies, 192

• ex vivo versus in situ tissue engineering, biomaterials in, 193–194

• gene transfer, biomaterials and, 192–193

• stem cells and cell derivatives, biomaterials for, 193

regenerative stromal substitutes, 207

regulatory agencies, aims of, 445

regulatory framework for the clinical use of emerging regenerative therapies, 455

• Canada, 455

  • cell and gene therapy products, 457–459

  • combination products, 459–460

  • medical devices, 455–457

• European Union, 460

  • advanced therapy medicinal products, 461–462

  • combination products, 462–463

  • expedited programs, 463

  • medical devices, 460–461

• United States of America, 463

  • cell and gene therapy products, 465–466

  • combination products, 466

  • expedited programs, 466–467

  • medical devices, 464–465

regulatory pathway, 444

• cell and gene therapy products (CGTP)

  • definitions of, 445–446

  • manufacturing facility requirements, 448

  • quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers of, 447–448

  • regulatory frameworks for, 446–447

• gene therapies targeting genetic diseases

  • gene-therapy classifications, 469

  • gene-therapy clinical trials, 470

  • gene-therapy manufacturing, 469–470

• medical devices

  • definitions of, 448–449

  • facility requirements, manufacturing, 454–455

  • quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers, 451–454

  • sub-classification of, 449–451

• retinal iPSC-derived products, 468

  • iPSC-derived tissue classification, 468

  • iPSC-derived tissue clinical trials, 469

  • iPSC-derived tissue manufacturing, 468–469

retina, 6–7

retinal degenerative diseases, 257

retinal function, assessment of, 87–88

retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), 97, 256, 268, 351, 366, 421

retinal implants, emerging biomaterials for, 97

• diamond, 127–129

• future directions, 130–132

• hydrogels, 129–130

• light-activated protein films, 126–127

• liquid crystal polymers, 104–107

• nanomaterials

  • carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 118–122

  • nanowires (NWs), 123–126

• organic conducting polymers (OCPs), 107

  • thiophene-based, 114–118

• visual prostheses, desirable properties and challenges for the biomaterials of, 100–103

retinal iPSC-derived products, 468

• iPSC-derived tissue classification, 468

• iPSC-derived tissue clinical trials, 469

• iPSC-derived tissue manufacturing, 468–469

retinal neurogenesis and cell sources for retinal regeneration, 266

• embryonic and pluripotent stem cells, 267–268

• mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical tissue-derived cells, 268–269

• Müller glial cells and retinal progenitor cells, 269–270

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 6–7, 76, 256, 351, 353–354, 355, 421

retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), 269–270, 363

retinal regeneration and repair, cell-based therapies for, 266

• retinal neurogenesis and cell sources, 266

  • embryonic and pluripotent stem cells, 267–268

  • mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical tissue-derived cells, 268–269

  • Müller glial cells and retinal progenitor cells, 269–270

• tissue engineering, 270

  • bioactive agents, 271

  • biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275

  • decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffold, 272–273

  • natural biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273

  • scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276

  • synthetic biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273–274

retinal scleral buckle, 301

retinal vein occlusion (RVO), 359

retinitis pigmentosa (RP), 97, 258

Retisert®, 373

retroviruses, 262

riboflavin, 302

• iontophoresis delivery of, 334–335

Ridley, Harold, 49

rigid contact lenses, 13, 19

rigid gas-permeable lenses, 14, 24

rigid lens use, 21–22

rigid plastics, 184

Ripple Therapeutics, 369

RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), 259

RNA interference (RNAi), 259

robust hermetic encapsulation, 100

RTC-1119, 369

rubber latex, 184

scaffold architecture, 272

scaffold characteristics, ideal, 271

• biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275

• decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffold, 272–273

• natural biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273

• scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276

• synthetic biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273–274

scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276

Schlemm’s canal, 5

secreted protein, acidic and rich in cystine (SPARC), 373

semi-fluoronated alkanes (SFAs), 73

short hairpin RNA (shRNA), 259

silicone, 15, 104, 156, 159–160, 181, 184

silicone elastomer, 401

silicone hydrogel contact lens, 15, 16

silicone oils, 73

silicone rubber, 184

silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), 428

silicon nanowires, 104

silk fibroin (SF), 115–116, 222, 223, 275

siloxane hydrogel lenses, 211

small interfering RNA (siRNA), 259

smart biomaterials, 197

smart materials in ophthalmic applications, 419

• diagnostic/theranostic smart materials, 428–431

• endogenously controlled smart materials, 420–424

• exogenously stimulated smart materials, 424–428

• future perspectives, 435

• non-pharmaceutical smart materials, 431–434

Soemmerring’s ring, 52

soft contact lenses, 14–15, 18, 20–21, 23, 24

soft drugs, 320–321

soft hydrophilic acrylic IOLs, 56

soft hydrophobic acrylic IOLs, 55

solid lipid nanoparticles, 319–320

spoilation, of contact lenses, 26–27

sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 160

Stargardt macular dystrophy (SMD), 258

stem cells, 206

stem cells and cell derivatives, biomaterials for, 193

Stevens–Johnson syndrome, 295

stromal function, 4

stromal replacement, 207–208

subclinical inflammation, from contact lenses, 27

superior epithelial arcuate lesions (SEALs), 24

suprachoroidal space (SCS), 405

Susvimo™, 373

synthetic biomaterials, 195

• as cell scaffolds, 273–274

synthetic materials, 301

synthetic orbital hydroxyapatite implants, 158

synthetic polymers, 75

• substitutes based on, 76–80

synthetic scaffolds for therapeutic cell delivery, 211–212

tarsal plate substitutes in modern reconstructive plastic surgery of eyelids, 287

• animal-derived tissues, 300–301

• auricular cartilage, 292–295

• hard palate mucoperiosteum, 291–292

• human tissues, 297–300

• nasal septal chondromucosa, 295–296

• normal eyelid anatomy, 288–289

• pericranial periosteum, 296–297

• posterior lamellar grafts, indications for the use of, 289

• synthetic materials, 301

tarsal substitutes, 289–291

tarsus

• bioengineering of, 301–304

• unique characteristics of, 288–289

TarSys, 300

tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), 365

tear film, 1–4

tear-fluid glucose monitoring by contact lens, 36–37

theranostics, 38–39, 428–431

therapeutic cell cultivation, biomaterials for, 212

therapeutic cell delivery

• natural biomaterials for, 209–211

• synthetic scaffolds for, 211–212

therapeutic products and implications, classification of, 445

• cell and gene therapy products (CGTPs)

  • definitions of, 445–446

  • manufacturing facility requirements, 448

  • quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers of, 447–448

  • regulatory frameworks for, 446–447

• medical devices

  • definitions of, 448–449

  • manufacturing facility requirements, 454–455

  • quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers, 451–454

  • sub-classification of, 449–451

thermoplastic polyurethanes, 184

thiol-crosslinked polymers, 79

thiophene-based conjugate polymers, 114–118

3D bioprinting, 201

3D-printed ocular and maxillofacial prostheses, 186

timolol, 319

tissue classification, iPSC-derived, 468

tissue clinical trials, iPSC-derived, 469

tissue-derived extracellular matrix, 221

tissue-engineered conjunctival constructs

• conjunctival epithelial cells for, 219

tissue engineering, 270, 301

• bioactive agents, 271

• scaffold characteristics, ideal, 271

  • biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275

  • decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffold, 272–273

  • natural biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273

  • scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276

  • synthetic biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273–274

tissue manufacturing, iPSC-derived, 468–469

tissue replacement, anterior segment need for, 191–192

tissue scaffolds, 271

titaminates, 223

toluidine blue, 430

toric intraocular lenses, 50

trabecular meshwork (TM), 223, 430

• regeneration, 224–226

• structure and function, 224

trabecular meshwork stem cell (TMSCs), 224

transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), 260

transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), 52, 53

Triggerfish contact lens sensor, 37

tropicamide, 319

tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 366

ultrasound or photoacoustic imaging (US/PAI), 428

ultraviolet light, 6

United States of America, regulatory framework in, 463

• cell and gene therapy products, 465–466

• combination products, 466

• expedited programs, 466–467

• medical devices, 464–465

upper critical solution temperature (UCST), 425

uveitis, 354

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 354

vinyl and styrene plastics, 184

viral vectors, 262–263

vision, lenses to improve

• customised optics for diseased eyes, 36

• low-vision enhancements, 36

• myopia control, 35

• presbyopia, accommodative lenses for, 35–36

vision loss, 9

vision loss, drug delivery to the posterior segment to combat, 349

• background, 349

  • posterior segment anatomy, 349–353

  • posterior-segment pathology and available treatments, 353–356

• delivery technologies, 356

  • contact lenses, 375–376

  • hydrogel technology, 369–373

  • implants, 373–375

  • microtechnology, 364–369

  • nanotechnology, 357–364

• future directions, 382–383

• opportunities and challenges, 376–382

visual function, 1

visual prostheses, desirable properties and challenges for the biomaterials of, 100–103

visual prosthesis, 98

Vitraserts®, 373

vitrectomies in vitreoretinal surgery, 73

vitreoretinal surgery, vitrectomies in, 73

vitreous body substitute (VBS), 81

vitreous humor, 6, 72–73

vitreous substitutes, 72

• currently-used, 73–74

• future directions, 88

• in vivo studies, reports of, 76

  • natural polymers, substitutes based on, 80–82

  • synthetic polymers, substitutes based on, 76–80

• oxime-crosslinked hyaluronan as

  • hyaluronan (HA)-oxime, development of, 83

  • in vivo biocompatibility, 85–87

  • in vivo stability, 84–85

  • oxime ligation as a crosslinking strategy, 82

  • physical characterization, 83–84

  • retinal function, assessment of, 87–88

• polymeric vitreous substitutes, 75

  • crosslinking methods, 75–76

  • natural polymers, 75

  • synthetic polymers, 75

• properties of, 74

  • biological properties, 74

  • chemical properties, 74

  • manufacturing properties, 75

  • physical properties, 74–75

wear, contact lens indications for

• lens care systems, 22

• medical uses, 20

• refractive error, 19–20

• rigid lens use, 21–22

• soft lens use, 20–21

wet AMD, 9

Young’s modulus, 101

Yutiq™, 373

zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), 260

zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), 260

zonule fibres, 6