Subject Index Free
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Published:11 Jun 2025
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Special Collection: 2025 eBook CollectionSeries: Biomaterials Science Series
Ophthalmic Biomaterials, ed. L. Wells and H. Sheardown, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025, vol. 20, pp. 476-494.
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ABVC BioPharma, 80
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Acanthamoeba, 30
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acetazolamide, 318, 319
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acrylic intraocular lenses, 55
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active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), 401
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adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), 262, 430–431
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AAV-2-based vector, 434
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adenoviruses, 262
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adhesion molecules (AMs), 271
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adipic dihydrazide (ADH), 80
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Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs), 192
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aflibercept microspheres, 367
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age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 9, 353–354
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aldehyde-modified hyaluronan, 82
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AlexaFluor-647, 84
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alginate–poly(l-lysine)-coated collagen composites, 371
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AlloDerm, 300
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alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), 52
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alumina, 400
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aluminium oxide, 163
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amniotic membranes, 330–331
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animal-derived tissues, 300–301
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anterior capsular opacification (ACO), 59, 60
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anterior-segment drug delivery, 311
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barriers and challenges to, 312–314
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eye drop-based drug delivery
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conventional eye drops, 314–317
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nanoparticle eye drops, 317–320
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prodrugs and soft drugs, 320–321
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iontophoresis, 331
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delivery of dexamethasone, 334
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delivery of riboflavin, 334–335
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material-based
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amniotic membranes, 330–331
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contact lenses, 322–326
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intracameral inserts, 329–330
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ocular surface inserts, 326–328
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punctal plugs, 328–329
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Antheraea mylitta, 210
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antimicrobial lenses, 27
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anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PDL1), 361
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anti-VEGF drugs, 10
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aqueous humor, 5
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arginyl–glycyl–asparatic acid (RGD), 271
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artificial full-thickness corneas, 213–215
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astigmatism, 8
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augmented vision/reality, 39
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auricular cartilage, 292–295
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autologous materials, 157
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Avastin®, 361
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azobenzenes, 426
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bacterial quorum-sensing systems, 35
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bacteriorhodopsin (BR), 126–127
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BAK (benzalkonium chloride), 316
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balanced saline solution (BSS), 73
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benzoyl peroxide, 54
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besifloxacin, 318, 408
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bevacizumab, 362
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bifocal rigid gas-permeable lenses, 36
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bi-layered PCL–chitosan implant, 374
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bioactive agents, 271
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Bio-Alcamid®, 77
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bioceramic implants, 158–159
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biodegradable OCPs, 113
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bioengineering of tarsus, 301–304
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biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275
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bio-interfacing array, 101–102
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biomaterials, defined, 11, 194
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biosynthetic stromal substitutes, 207
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bipolar cells, 351
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blink sensors, 38
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blood–retinal barrier (BRB), 353, 355
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blow-fill-seal technology (BFS), 316–317
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Bombyx mori, 210
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Bowman’s layer. See epithelial basement membrane
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brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), 368
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brimonidine, 319
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Brimonidine Drug Delivery System (Brimo DDS®), 374
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Bruch’s membrane, 272, 273, 352
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1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), 80
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caffeic acid, 365
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calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA), 162
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Calhoun Vision, Inc., 64
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Canada, regulatory framework in, 455
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cell and gene therapy products, 457–459
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combination products, 459–460
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medical devices, 455–457
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 315–316
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carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 104, 118–122
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carbon nanovesicles, 362
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carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 368
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carboxymethylchitosan (CMCTS), 81
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carteolol, 318
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cataracts, 8–9, 48
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drug delivery for cataract patients, 60–61
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and treatments, 48–51
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CD44, 421
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cell and gene therapy products (CGTPs), 457–459, 465–466
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definitions of, 445–446
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manufacturing facility requirements, 448
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quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers of, 447–448
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regulatory frameworks for, 446–447
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cell-based therapies of cornea, 208. See also retinal regeneration and repair, cell-based therapies for
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extracellular vesicles (EVs), 212–213
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therapeutic cell cultivation, biomaterials for, 212
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therapeutic cell delivery
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natural biomaterials for, 209–211
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synthetic scaffolds for, 211–212
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cell scaffolds
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natural biomaterials as, 273
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synthetic biomaterials as, 273–274
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cell therapy products (CTPs), 457–458
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CEP290 gene, 265
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ceramic implants, 157–158
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ceramics, 400–401
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chitosan, 209–210, 265, 315, 411
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chitosan–collagen hydrogel scaffolds, 210
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chitosan-grafted PNIPAAm hydrogels, 371
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cholera toxin B (CTB), 421–422
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cholesterol, 264
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chondromucosal grafts, 295
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choroid, 6
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choroidal neovascularization (CNV), 9
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CI26, 211
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ciliary body, 5
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ciliary muscles, 49
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ciprofloxacin, 318
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clear lens epithelial cells, 6
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coated MNs, 404
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collagen, 4, 273
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collagen-like peptides (CLP), 216
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composite biomaterials, 196
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composite materials, 160
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computer-aided design (CAD), 186
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conductive hydrogels, 130
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conjunctiva, 25, 217
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cell sources and culture techniques, 219–220
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conjunctival autograft, 219
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conjunctival cells, 222
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conjunctival epithelial cells, 223
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for tissue-engineered conjunctival constructs, 219
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conjunctival epithelial substitute, 220
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biological substrates for, 221–223
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synthetic substrates for, 223
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contact lens discomfort (CLD), 30–32
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contact lens dropout, 33–34
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contact lenses, 322–326, 375–376
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care system components, 23
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indications for wear
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lens care systems, 22
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medical uses, 20
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refractive error, 19–20
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rigid lens use, 21–22
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soft lens use, 20–21
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materials
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historical perspective, 14–16
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material requirements, 13–14
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regulation and classification, 16–19
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-related complications, 28
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corneal infection, 29–30
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corneal inflammation, 28–29
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types of, 14
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unintended ocular effects of, 22
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corneal sensitivity, 28
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elastic modulus, 23–24
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lens movement and tear exchange, 24–25
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oxygen transmissibility, 26
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spoilation/deposition, 26–27
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subclinical inflammation, 27
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tribology (frictional effects), 25
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user challenges with, 30
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adherence, 34–35
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handling, 33
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vision, 32–33
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contact lenses, future opportunities with, 35
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augmented vision/reality, 39
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drug delivery and theranostics, 38–39
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to improve vision
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customised optics for diseased eyes, 36
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low-vision enhancements, 36
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myopia control, 35
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presbyopia, accommodative lenses for, 35–36
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ocular and systemic disease, diagnosis and screening for, 36
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diabetes, 36–37
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dry eye disease (DED), 37–38
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glaucoma, 37
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contact lens-induced dry eye (CLIDE), 25
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contact lens papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC), 26
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contemporary contact lens materials, 16
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controlled drug-delivery system, 61
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controlled-release strategies for intraocular lenses, 61–64
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conventional eye drops, 314–317
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CoreNeat KPro, 214
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cornea, 3, 4–5, 204, 331
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artificial corneas, 213–215
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cell-based therapies, 208
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biomaterials for therapeutic cell cultivation, 212
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extracellular vesicles (EVs), 212–213
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natural biomaterials for therapeutic cell delivery, 209–211
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synthetic scaffolds for therapeutic cell delivery, 211–212
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cell-free biomaterials stimulating in situ tissue regeneration
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entering clinical realm, 215–216
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fully-defined synthetic implants promoting regeneration, 216–217
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injectable hydrogels, 217
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cellular layers of
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corneal endothelial replacement, 208
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corneal epithelium and limbus, 206–207
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stromal replacement, 207–208
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cornea, strategies to replace and regenerate, 190
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artificial corneas, 213–215
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biomaterial fabrication technologies, 194
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fabrication techniques for corneal and anterior segment repair, 197–202
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injectable biomaterials, 202–203
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nanotechnologies and composites, 203–204
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regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications, biomaterials for, 194–197
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cell-based therapies, 208–213
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cell-free biomaterials stimulating in situ tissue regeneration, 215–217
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cell sources and culture techniques, 219–220
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conjunctiva, 217
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conjunctival epithelial substitute, 220
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biological substrates for, 221–223
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synthetic substrates for, 223
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corneal endothelial replacement, 208
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corneal epithelium and limbus, 206–207
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regenerative medicine strategies, 192
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ex vivo versus in situ tissue engineering, biomaterials in, 193–194
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gene transfer, biomaterials and, 192–193
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stem cells and cell derivatives, biomaterials for, 193
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stromal replacement, 207–208
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tissue replacement, anterior segment need for, 191–192
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trabecular meshwork (TM), 223
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regeneration, 224–226
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structure and function, 224
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translational aspects
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emerging regenerative therapies, regulatory framework for clinical use of, 228–229
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preclinical to clinical development, challenges moving from, 226–228
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corneal and anterior segment repair
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biomaterials in, 196–197
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fabrication techniques for, 197–202
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corneal collagen crosslinking procedures, 334
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corneal endothelial cells (CECs), 208, 209, 212
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corneal endothelial replacement, 208
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corneal endothelium, 4, 26
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corneal epithelium and limbus, 206–207
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corneal infection, 29–30
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corneal inflammation, 28–29
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corneal mesenchymal stem cell exosomes, 213
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corneal sensitivity, with contact lenses, 28
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corneal transparency, 5
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COVID-19 pandemic, 194
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COVID-19 vaccines, 258
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CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) enzyme, 259
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cryolite glass, 159
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crystalline lens, 5
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crystallin proteins, 49
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curcumin-loaded nanomicelles, 359
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customised optics for diseased eyes, 36
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cyclodextrins, 315
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cyclosporine A, 318
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decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), 222, 272–273
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decellularized tissues, 210
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Deep Orbital Sub-Q Restylane injections, 162
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dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 421
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delivery technologies, 356
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contact lenses, 375–376
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hydrogel technology, 369–373
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implants, 373–375
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microtechnology, 364–369
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nanotechnology, 357–364
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dendrimers, 319
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dendritic-like cells, 27
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denuded amniotic membranes (dAMs), 272
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deposition, on contact lenses, 26–27
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deprotonation, 422
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dermis fat graft (DFG), 157
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Descemet’s membrane (DM), 4, 208, 210, 272
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dexamethasone, 318
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iontophoresis delivery of, 334
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dexa-methasone–peptide conjugates (Dex–PC), 370
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diabetes, 36–37
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diabetic macular edema (DME), 354
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diabetic retinopathy (DR), 7, 9, 354, 359
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diagnostic/theranostic smart materials, 428–431
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diamond, 127–129
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diffractive intraocular lenses, 50
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diffusion-controlled release systems, 62
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1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 264
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dipivefrin, 321
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diseased eyes, customised optics for, 36
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dissolution-controlled release systems, 61–62
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dissolved oxygen, 3
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dissolving MNs, 405–409
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double-strand break (DSB), 260
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double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), 259
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drug delivery
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anterior segment. See anterior-segment drug delivery
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with intraocular lenses
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cataract patients, drug delivery for, 60–61
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controlled-release strategies for IOLs, 61–64
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and theranostics, 38–39
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drug-eluting contact lenses, 374
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drug-loaded nanoparticles, 63
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drug product (DP), 447
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drug-releasing contact lenses, 38
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drug substance (DS), 447
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drusen, 9
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dry AMD, 9
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dry eye disease (DED), 4, 37–38
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E-cadherin, 53
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edetate disodium (EDTA), 316
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EDIT-101 (Editas Medicine), 265
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elastic modulus, of contact lenses, 23–24
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electroretinography (ERG), 81, 358
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electrospinning, 274
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Elschnig’s pearls, 51
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embryonic stem cells (ESCs), 267–268
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encapsulating drugs, 318
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EndoArt®, 211
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endogenously controlled smart materials, 420–424
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endophthalmitis, 61
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endothelial pump, 5
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ENDURAGen, 300
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enucleation and evisceration, orbital implants after. See orbital implants after enucleation and evisceration
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epidermal growth factor (EGF), 52
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epithelial basement membrane, 4
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epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), 52, 53
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1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), 215
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European Union, regulatory framework in, 460
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advanced therapy medicinal products, 461–462
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combination products, 462–463
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expedited programs, 463
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medical devices, 460–461
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exogenously stimulated smart materials, 424–428
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exosomes, 212, 213
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extended depth of focus (EDF), 36, 50
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extracellular matrix (ECM), 194, 210, 352
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extracellular vesicles (EVs), 212–213, 362–363
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ex vivo versus in situ tissue engineering, biomaterials in, 193–194
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eye
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anatomy and physiology of, 1
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ciliary body, 5
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cornea, 3, 4–5
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iris, 5
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lens, 5–6
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neural retina, 6–7
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Schlemm’s canal, 5
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tear film, 1–4
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vitreous humor, 6
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general anatomy of, 2
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eye drop-based drug delivery
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conventional eye drops, 314–317
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nanoparticle eye drops, 317
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dendrimers, 319
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liposomes, 318
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nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions, 320
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niosomes, 318–319
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polymeric nanocarriers, 318
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solid lipid nanoparticles, 319–320
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prodrugs and soft drugs, 320–321
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EyeGate II drug-delivery system, 334
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eyelid anatomy, 288–289
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EyeLief® system, 371
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eye-related conditions and statistics, 7–10
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fabrication technologies, biomaterial
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for corneal and anterior segment repair, 196–202
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injectable biomaterials, 202–203
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nanotechnologies and composites, 203–204
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ophthalmic applications, requirements for biomaterials intended for, 196
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far sightedness. See hyperopia
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fibrin, 209
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fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 52
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fibrosis, 60
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fibrotic opacification, 52
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Fick’s laws of diffusion, 62
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first-generation silicone hydrogel lenses, 24
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fluorescein angiography (FA), 428
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fluorescein isothiocyanate–ovalbumin (FITC-OVA) NP-loaded MN, 407
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5-fluorouracil, 360
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foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB), 76
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foreign-body responses (FBRs), 101
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fornix, 154–155
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free flaps, 176
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Frost, W. A., 151
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Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), 208
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Fusarium, 30
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gangciclovir, 318
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ganglion cell layer (GNL), 87
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GelCORE, 203
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gene addition, 259
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gene delivery, 258
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biomaterials for, 261
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non-viral vectors, 263–265
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viral vectors, 262–263
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developments, 265–266
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future directions, 266
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types of, 259–261
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gene editing, 259–261
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gene silencing, 259
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gene-therapy classifications, 469
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gene-therapy clinical trials, 470
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gene-therapy manufacturing, 469–470
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gene transfer, biomaterials and, 192–193
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geographic atrophy (GA), 9, 354
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glaucoma, 5, 9, 37, 257, 355
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glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs), 433
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glaucoma shunt/stent, 9
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glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), 365, 368
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glial cells, 122
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glycoprotein mucins, 3
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glycosaminoglycans, 4, 5, 6
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glycidic methacrylate-modified HA (GMHA) hydrogels, 80
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(3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) crosslinker, 118
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goblet-associated passages (GAPs), 218
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gold nanospheres, 430
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Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), 412
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Gore synthetic cornea, 214
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Graves ophthalmopathy, 300
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green electronics. See organic bioelectronics
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GS030 (GenSight Biologics), 265, 266
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gypsum-based mold, 181
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hard palate mucoperiosteum, 291–292
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hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 52
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hermetic encapsulation, 100
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hollow MNs, 404–405
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human amniotic membrane, 209
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human amniotic membrane powder (HAMP), 274
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human ESC (hESC), 267
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human iPSC (hiPSC), 267
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human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 267
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human tissues, 297–300
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human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hUTCs), 269
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human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), 361
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hyalocytes, 6
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hyaluronan (HA)-oxime, development of, 83
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hyaluronan, 315. See also hyaluronic acid
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hyaluronic acid (HA), 6, 264, 273, 315
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hybrid contact lenses, 13
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hydrogel contact lens polymers, 15
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hydrogel lenses, 56
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hydrogels, 129–130, 162, 369–373
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chitosan-grafted PNIPAAm hydrogels, 371
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conductive, 130
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injectable, 217
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poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based, 76
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hydrogen peroxide-based systems, 22
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hydrophobically-modified poly(ethylene glycol) (HM-PEG), 64
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2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, 54
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hydroxyapatite (Hap), 158, 163
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hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), 14
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hydroxypropylchitosan (HPCTS), 81
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hyperopia, 8
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hyperopic eye, 8
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hypoxia, 28
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short term, 26
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IBE-814 IVT, 369
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Iluviens®, 373
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immunoglobulin G (IgG), 362
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implants, 373–375
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indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate, 114
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induced pluripotent stem cell-derived TM cell (iPSC-TM), 224
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induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), 209, 267, 468
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-derived tissue classification, 468
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-derived tissue clinical trials, 469
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-derived tissue manufacturing, 468–469
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inflammatory cells, 52
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infrared imaging, 25
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inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs), 356
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injectable biomaterials, 202–203
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injectable hydrogels, 217
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injectable lenses, 64
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inner nuclear layer (INL), 87
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insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), 372
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integrated (porous) and non-integrated (non-porous) orbital implants, 160–162
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integrated materials, 157
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bioceramic implants, 158–159
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ceramic implants, 157–158
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hydroxyapatite (Hap) implants, 158
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porous polyethylene (PE), 159
-
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internal limiting membrane (ILM), 350
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interocular pressure (IOP), 37
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intracameral inserts, 329–330
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intraocular lenses (IOLs), 48, 49
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advanced, 64–65
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cataracts and treatments, 48–51
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drug delivery with
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for cataract patients, 60–61
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controlled-release strategies for IOLs, 61–64
-
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material composition, 54
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bulk properties, 56
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polymers, 54–56
-
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posterior capsular opacification (PCO)
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lens epithelium and phenotypic changes that result in, 51–53
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risk factors, 53–54
-
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strategies to improve
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material properties’ influence on PCO in clinical studies, 57–58
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surface modification, 58–59
-
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surface properties, 57
-
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intraocular pressure (IOP), 5, 9, 224, 356, 433
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in vivo confocal microscopy, 28
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in vivo laser confocal imaging, 27
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ionizable cationic lipid (ICL), 263–264
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iontophoresis, 331
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delivery of dexamethasone, 334
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delivery of riboflavin, 334–335
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iris, 5
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I-vation™, 373
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keratin films, 210
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keratoprostheses (KPro), 213
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lacrimal functional unit, 3
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lactoferrin, 4, 319
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Ladd, Anna Coleman, 184
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laser capsulotomy, 51
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laser treatment/surgery, 9
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latanoprost, 318
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late-stage dry AMD. See geographic atrophy
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Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), 258
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Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), 374
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lens, 5–6
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lens care systems, 22
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lens epithelial cells (LECs), 49, 53
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lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF), 25
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lid-wiper epitheliopathy (LWE), 25
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light-activated protein films, 126–127
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limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), 206–207, 212, 213
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limbus, 25, 206–207
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lipid-based vectors, 263
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lipid layer of tear film, 3
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lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), 263
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Lipiview® interferometer, 25
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lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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liposomal cationic lipids, 263
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liposomes, 318
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LiQD Cornea, 203, 217
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liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), 64, 103, 104–107
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long-acting ocular drug delivery using MNs, 409–411
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loteprednol etabonate, 321
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lower critical solution temperature (LCST), 274, 425
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low-vision enhancements, 36
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lutein–graphene oxide nanosheets, 360
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Luxturna®, 265, 430
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lymphocyte-derived microparticles (LMPs), 368
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lysozyme, 4, 26
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macromer, 64
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, 427
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material-based anterior-segment drug delivery
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amniotic membranes, 330–331
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contact lenses, 322–326
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intracameral inserts, 329–330
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ocular surface inserts, 326–328
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punctal plugs, 328–329
-
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Mati Therapeutics, 329
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matrix-controlled/monolithic diffusion systems, 62
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matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), 81
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matrix metalloproteinases, 4
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medical devices
-
definitions of, 448–449
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facility requirements, manufacturing, 454–455
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quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers, 451–454
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sub-classification of, 449–451
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medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), 81
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meibomian glands, 3
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membrane-controlled diffusion systems, 62
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mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA), 65
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mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 224–225, 267, 363, 430
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and human umbilical tissue-derived cells, 268–269
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messenger RNA (mRNA), 259
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metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), 430
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methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA), 367
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2-methacryoloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), 216
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microbes, 182
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microbubbles, 431
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microelectrode array (MEA), 98
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microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 401
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microelectronic microsystems (MEMS), 433
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microneedle (MN), 367, 399
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barriers to commercialisation and future perspectives, 412–413
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long-acting ocular drug delivery using, 409–411
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material types and fabrication techniques, 400–402
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for ocular delivery, 399–400
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strategies to facilitate intraocular drug delivery using, 402
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coated MNs, 404
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dissolving MNs, 405–409
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hollow MNs, 404–405
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-
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microphotodiode array (MPDA), 98
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microRNA, 259
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microtechnology, 364–369
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minimum effective concentration (MEC), 61
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minimum toxic concentration (MTC), 61
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MIRAgel (MAI), 76
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modulus of elasticity. See Young’s modulus
-
monofocal intraocular lenses, 49–50
-
moulding, 197
-
mucoadhesive compounds, 315
-
Mules, P. H., 151
-
Mules sphere, 151
-
multi-dose eye drops, 316
-
multifocal-design soft contact lenses, 35
-
myopia, 8
-
myopia control, 35
-
myopic eye, 8
-
Müller glial cells (MCs), 256, 269–270
-
nanoemulsions, 320
-
nanomaterials
-
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 118–122
-
nanowires (NWs), 123–126
-
-
nanoparticle eye drops, 317
-
dendrimers, 319
-
liposomes, 318
-
nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions, 320
-
niosomes, 318–319
-
polymeric nanocarriers, 318
-
solid lipid nanoparticles, 319–320
-
-
nanospheres, 264–265
-
nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), 358–359, 362
-
nanosuspensions, 320
-
nanotechnologies, 357–364
-
and composites, 203–204
-
-
nanowires (NWs), 123–126
-
nasal septal chondromucosa, 295–296
-
natamycin, 318, 319
-
natural biomaterials, 194
-
as cell scaffolds, 273
-
for therapeutic cell delivery, 209–211
-
-
natural polymers, 75, 265, 371
-
substitutes based on, 80–82
-
-
nearsightedness. See myopia
-
neural retina, 6–7
-
neuronal death, 257
-
N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 215
-
niosomes, 318–319
-
nitrogen-doped ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) electrodes, 128
-
non-integrating implants, grafts and wrapping, 159–160
-
non-pegged implants, 161
-
non-pharmaceutical smart materials, 431–434
-
non-polysaccharide natural polymers, 81
-
non-proliferative DR, 9
-
non-viral vectors, 263–265
-
N-phenylacrylamide (NPA), 79
-
nutrient transport, 3
-
N-vinylpyrrolidinone (NVP), 80
-
ocular and facial prostheses, modern biomaterials usage in, 173
-
intraoperative considerations, 175–178
-
orbital prosthesis, using, 182–183
-
postoperative considerations, 178–179
-
pre-exenteration decision making, 174–175
-
prosthesis fabrication, 179–182
-
realistic prostheses, historical review and advances in, 183–186
-
-
ocular and systemic disease, diagnosis and screening for, 36
-
diabetes, 36–37
-
dry eye disease (DED), 37–38
-
glaucoma, 37
-
-
ocular coherence tomography (OCT), 87
-
ocular drug delivery, microneedle approaches to, 399–400
-
barriers to commercialisation and future perspectives, 412–413
-
long-acting ocular drug delivery using MNs, 409–411
-
microneedle (MN) manufacture, 400–402
-
strategies to facilitate, 402
-
coated MNs, 404
-
dissolving MNs, 405–409
-
hollow MNs, 404–405
-
-
-
ocular oxygen, 3
-
ocular surface inserts, 326–328
-
ofloxacin, 319
-
ophthalmic applications, smart materials in, 419
-
diagnostic/theranostic smart materials, 428–431
-
endogenously controlled smart materials, 420–424
-
exogenously stimulated smart materials, 424–428
-
future perspectives, 435
-
non-pharmaceutical smart materials, 431–434
-
-
ophthalmic materials, considerations for, 10
-
ophthalmic prodrug, 320
-
optical coherence tomography (OCT), 268, 428
-
optic nerve, 356
-
optic neuropathy, 356
-
optogenetics, 265
-
orbital implants after enucleation and evisceration, 150–152
-
autologous materials, 157
-
complications, implant-related, 163
-
composite materials, 160
-
implant exposure, extrusion, and infection, 155–156
-
implant migration, 153–154
-
implant motility, 154–155
-
integrated (porous) and non-integrated (non-porous) orbital implants, 160–162
-
integrated materials, 157
-
bioceramic implants, 158–159
-
ceramic implants, 157–158
-
hydroxyapatite (Hap) implants, 158
-
porous polyethylene (PE), 159
-
-
mental health, viewpoint on, 164–165
-
non-integrating implants, grafts and wrapping, 159–160
-
non-surgical alternatives, 162–163
-
paediatric patient, 164
-
pegging to enhance orbital motility, 163–164
-
-
orbital implant volume, 152–153
-
orbital prosthesis, using, 182–183
-
organic bioelectronics, 113
-
organic conducting polymers (OCPs), 103–104, 107, 113
-
thiophene-based, 114–118
-
-
orthokeratology, 35
-
ortho-nitrobenzyl (o-NB), 427
-
osmolarity, 316
-
osseointegrative implants, 175, 177
-
outer nuclear layer (ONL), 87
-
ovalbumin (OVA), 411
-
overnight lens wear, 29
-
oxidative stress, 359
-
oxime-crosslinked hyaluronan as a vitreous substitute
-
hyaluronan (HA)-oxime, development of, 83
-
in vivo biocompatibility, 85–87
-
in vivo stability, 84–85
-
oxime ligation as a crosslinking strategy, 82
-
physical characterization, 83–84
-
retinal function, assessment of, 87–88
-
-
oxygen transmissibility, of contact lenses, 26
-
Ozurdex®, 373
-
palisades of Vogt, 206
-
pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), 73
-
parylene, 274
-
Paré, Ambroise, 183
-
PEDOT polymerisation, 120
-
pegging, 163–164
-
PEGylated microemulsion, 366
-
PEGylation, 264
-
penetratin, 264
-
penetrating keratoplasty (PK), 194, 205
-
perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs), 73
-
pericranial periosteum, 296–297
-
phenolic and cellulose plastics, 184
-
phospholipids, 263, 264
-
photic artifacts, 50
-
photoreceptors (PRs), 256
-
pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF), 372
-
pilocarpine, 315, 319
-
pinocembrin, 365
-
plaster-like gypsum-based material is, 179
-
plasticized poly(vinyl chloride), 184
-
pleomorphism, 26
-
pluripotent stem cells, 267–268
-
poly(2-hydroxylethyl acrylate) (PHEA), 76
-
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), 107, 113
-
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx), 302
-
poly(acrylamide-co-bisacryloylcystamine) (AAm-co-BAC), 79
-
polyamidoamine (PAMAM), 360
-
poly(benzyl glutamate) (PBG), 274
-
polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), 184, 273, 193, 367, 401
-
poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), 196, 223, 274
-
polyethylene, 104, 274
-
polyethylene glycol (PEG), 58, 430, 196
-
polyethyleneimine (PEI), 265, 363, 366
-
polyglactin mesh, 160
-
poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), 274
-
polylactic acid (PLA), 196, 411
-
poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), 196, 223, 271, 274, 411
-
poly(l-lactic acid), 223
-
poly(l-lysine) (PLL), 265
-
polymegethism, 26
-
polymeric encapsulation, 104
-
polymeric materials, 104
-
polymeric micro-/nanoparticles, 411
-
polymeric nanocarriers, 318
-
polymeric nanoparticles, 264, 411
-
polymeric orbital implant (PMOI), 159
-
polymeric vitreous substitutes, 75
-
crosslinking methods, 75–76
-
natural polymers, 75
-
synthetic polymers, 75
-
-
polymers, 54–56
-
poly(methacrylamide-co-methacrylate-co-N,N'-bismethacryloylcystamine) (MAM-co-MAA-co-BMAC), 79
-
poly(methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), 76
-
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 14, 48, 156, 159, 184
-
poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide-co-carboxybetaine acrylamide) co-polymer (PNAGA-PCBAA), 128
-
poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) polymer, 212, 274
-
polypeptide (PEP), 430
-
polyphenols, 365
-
poly(propylene fumarate), 302
-
poly(pyrrole), 107
-
poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBH), 80
-
POLYRETINA device, 117–118
-
polysaccharide, 315
-
poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSS), 366
-
poly(tetrafluoroethylene), 223
-
poly(thiophene), 107
-
polyurethane, 104
-
poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 196
-
-based hydrogels, 76
-
-
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–chitosan hydrogel, 365
-
porous polyethylene (PE), 159, 163, 301
-
positron emission tomography (PET), 428
-
posterior capsular opacification (PCO), 9, 51
-
lens epithelium and phenotypic changes that result in, 51–53
-
material properties’ influence on, 57–58
-
risk factors, 53–54
-
-
posterior lamellar grafts, indications for the use of, 289
-
posterior segment anatomy, 349–353
-
posterior-segment pathology and available treatments, 353–356
-
pre-exenteration decision making, 174–175
-
presbyopia, 6, 8
-
accommodative lenses for, 35–36
-
-correcting IOLs, 50
-
-
preservative-free multidose (PFMD) dispensers, 316
-
pressure regulation, in eye, 5
-
primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 329
-
prodrugs and soft drugs, 320–321
-
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 9
-
proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), 355
-
pro-regenerative injectable hydrogels, 217
-
prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor (PGF2α) analogues, 321
-
prosthesis fabrication, 179–182
-
protamine sulfate (PRM), 368
-
protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), 260
-
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 29
-
pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, 208
-
punctal plugs, 328–329
-
Pykus Therapeutics, 79
-
quality control (QC) testing, 412
-
quality management systems (QMS) requirements, for manufacturers, 447–448, 451–454
-
rapamycin, 360
-
reactive oxygen species (ROS), 360
-
realistic prostheses, historical review and advances in, 183–186
-
recombinant human type III (RHCIII), 215
-
refractive error, 19–20
-
refractive index (RI), 56
-
regenerative medicine strategies, 192
-
ex vivo versus in situ tissue engineering, biomaterials in, 193–194
-
gene transfer, biomaterials and, 192–193
-
stem cells and cell derivatives, biomaterials for, 193
-
-
regenerative stromal substitutes, 207
-
regulatory agencies, aims of, 445
-
regulatory framework for the clinical use of emerging regenerative therapies, 455
-
Canada, 455
-
cell and gene therapy products, 457–459
-
combination products, 459–460
-
medical devices, 455–457
-
-
European Union, 460
-
advanced therapy medicinal products, 461–462
-
combination products, 462–463
-
expedited programs, 463
-
medical devices, 460–461
-
-
United States of America, 463
-
cell and gene therapy products, 465–466
-
combination products, 466
-
expedited programs, 466–467
-
medical devices, 464–465
-
-
-
regulatory pathway, 444
-
cell and gene therapy products (CGTP)
-
definitions of, 445–446
-
manufacturing facility requirements, 448
-
quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers of, 447–448
-
regulatory frameworks for, 446–447
-
-
gene therapies targeting genetic diseases
-
gene-therapy classifications, 469
-
gene-therapy clinical trials, 470
-
gene-therapy manufacturing, 469–470
-
-
medical devices
-
definitions of, 448–449
-
facility requirements, manufacturing, 454–455
-
quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers, 451–454
-
sub-classification of, 449–451
-
-
retinal iPSC-derived products, 468
-
iPSC-derived tissue classification, 468
-
iPSC-derived tissue clinical trials, 469
-
iPSC-derived tissue manufacturing, 468–469
-
-
-
retina, 6–7
-
retinal degenerative diseases, 257
-
retinal function, assessment of, 87–88
-
retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), 97, 256, 268, 351, 366, 421
-
retinal implants, emerging biomaterials for, 97
-
diamond, 127–129
-
future directions, 130–132
-
hydrogels, 129–130
-
light-activated protein films, 126–127
-
liquid crystal polymers, 104–107
-
nanomaterials
-
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 118–122
-
nanowires (NWs), 123–126
-
-
organic conducting polymers (OCPs), 107
-
thiophene-based, 114–118
-
-
visual prostheses, desirable properties and challenges for the biomaterials of, 100–103
-
-
retinal iPSC-derived products, 468
-
iPSC-derived tissue classification, 468
-
iPSC-derived tissue clinical trials, 469
-
iPSC-derived tissue manufacturing, 468–469
-
-
retinal neurogenesis and cell sources for retinal regeneration, 266
-
embryonic and pluripotent stem cells, 267–268
-
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical tissue-derived cells, 268–269
-
Müller glial cells and retinal progenitor cells, 269–270
-
-
retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 6–7, 76, 256, 351, 353–354, 355, 421
-
retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), 269–270, 363
-
retinal regeneration and repair, cell-based therapies for, 266
-
retinal neurogenesis and cell sources, 266
-
embryonic and pluripotent stem cells, 267–268
-
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical tissue-derived cells, 268–269
-
Müller glial cells and retinal progenitor cells, 269–270
-
-
tissue engineering, 270
-
bioactive agents, 271
-
biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275
-
decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffold, 272–273
-
natural biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273
-
scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276
-
synthetic biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273–274
-
-
-
retinal scleral buckle, 301
-
retinal vein occlusion (RVO), 359
-
retinitis pigmentosa (RP), 97, 258
-
Retisert®, 373
-
retroviruses, 262
-
riboflavin, 302
-
iontophoresis delivery of, 334–335
-
-
Ridley, Harold, 49
-
rigid contact lenses, 13, 19
-
rigid gas-permeable lenses, 14, 24
-
rigid lens use, 21–22
-
rigid plastics, 184
-
Ripple Therapeutics, 369
-
RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), 259
-
RNA interference (RNAi), 259
-
robust hermetic encapsulation, 100
-
RTC-1119, 369
-
rubber latex, 184
-
scaffold architecture, 272
-
scaffold characteristics, ideal, 271
-
biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275
-
decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffold, 272–273
-
natural biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273
-
scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276
-
synthetic biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273–274
-
-
scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276
-
Schlemm’s canal, 5
-
secreted protein, acidic and rich in cystine (SPARC), 373
-
semi-fluoronated alkanes (SFAs), 73
-
short hairpin RNA (shRNA), 259
-
silicone, 15, 104, 156, 159–160, 181, 184
-
silicone elastomer, 401
-
silicone hydrogel contact lens, 15, 16
-
silicone oils, 73
-
silicone rubber, 184
-
silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), 428
-
silicon nanowires, 104
-
silk fibroin (SF), 115–116, 222, 223, 275
-
siloxane hydrogel lenses, 211
-
small interfering RNA (siRNA), 259
-
smart biomaterials, 197
-
smart materials in ophthalmic applications, 419
-
diagnostic/theranostic smart materials, 428–431
-
endogenously controlled smart materials, 420–424
-
exogenously stimulated smart materials, 424–428
-
future perspectives, 435
-
non-pharmaceutical smart materials, 431–434
-
-
Soemmerring’s ring, 52
-
soft contact lenses, 14–15, 18, 20–21, 23, 24
-
soft drugs, 320–321
-
soft hydrophilic acrylic IOLs, 56
-
soft hydrophobic acrylic IOLs, 55
-
solid lipid nanoparticles, 319–320
-
spoilation, of contact lenses, 26–27
-
sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 160
-
Stargardt macular dystrophy (SMD), 258
-
stem cells, 206
-
stem cells and cell derivatives, biomaterials for, 193
-
Stevens–Johnson syndrome, 295
-
stromal function, 4
-
stromal replacement, 207–208
-
subclinical inflammation, from contact lenses, 27
-
superior epithelial arcuate lesions (SEALs), 24
-
suprachoroidal space (SCS), 405
-
Susvimo™, 373
-
synthetic biomaterials, 195
-
as cell scaffolds, 273–274
-
-
synthetic materials, 301
-
synthetic orbital hydroxyapatite implants, 158
-
synthetic polymers, 75
-
substitutes based on, 76–80
-
-
synthetic scaffolds for therapeutic cell delivery, 211–212
-
tarsal plate substitutes in modern reconstructive plastic surgery of eyelids, 287
-
animal-derived tissues, 300–301
-
auricular cartilage, 292–295
-
hard palate mucoperiosteum, 291–292
-
human tissues, 297–300
-
nasal septal chondromucosa, 295–296
-
normal eyelid anatomy, 288–289
-
pericranial periosteum, 296–297
-
posterior lamellar grafts, indications for the use of, 289
-
synthetic materials, 301
-
-
tarsal substitutes, 289–291
-
tarsus
-
bioengineering of, 301–304
-
unique characteristics of, 288–289
-
-
TarSys, 300
-
tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), 365
-
tear film, 1–4
-
tear-fluid glucose monitoring by contact lens, 36–37
-
theranostics, 38–39, 428–431
-
therapeutic cell cultivation, biomaterials for, 212
-
therapeutic cell delivery
-
natural biomaterials for, 209–211
-
synthetic scaffolds for, 211–212
-
-
therapeutic products and implications, classification of, 445
-
cell and gene therapy products (CGTPs)
-
definitions of, 445–446
-
manufacturing facility requirements, 448
-
quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers of, 447–448
-
regulatory frameworks for, 446–447
-
-
medical devices
-
definitions of, 448–449
-
manufacturing facility requirements, 454–455
-
quality management systems (QMS) requirements for manufacturers, 451–454
-
sub-classification of, 449–451
-
-
-
thermoplastic polyurethanes, 184
-
thiol-crosslinked polymers, 79
-
thiophene-based conjugate polymers, 114–118
-
3D bioprinting, 201
-
3D-printed ocular and maxillofacial prostheses, 186
-
timolol, 319
-
tissue classification, iPSC-derived, 468
-
tissue clinical trials, iPSC-derived, 469
-
tissue-derived extracellular matrix, 221
-
tissue-engineered conjunctival constructs
-
conjunctival epithelial cells for, 219
-
-
tissue engineering, 270, 301
-
bioactive agents, 271
-
scaffold characteristics, ideal, 271
-
biohybrid scaffold materials, 274–275
-
decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffold, 272–273
-
natural biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273
-
scaffold-free cell sheets, 275–276
-
synthetic biomaterials as cell scaffolds, 273–274
-
-
-
tissue manufacturing, iPSC-derived, 468–469
-
tissue replacement, anterior segment need for, 191–192
-
tissue scaffolds, 271
-
titaminates, 223
-
toluidine blue, 430
-
toric intraocular lenses, 50
-
trabecular meshwork (TM), 223, 430
-
regeneration, 224–226
-
structure and function, 224
-
-
trabecular meshwork stem cell (TMSCs), 224
-
transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), 260
-
transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), 52, 53
-
Triggerfish contact lens sensor, 37
-
tropicamide, 319
-
tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 366
-
ultrasound or photoacoustic imaging (US/PAI), 428
-
ultraviolet light, 6
-
United States of America, regulatory framework in, 463
-
cell and gene therapy products, 465–466
-
combination products, 466
-
expedited programs, 466–467
-
medical devices, 464–465
-
-
upper critical solution temperature (UCST), 425
-
uveitis, 354
-
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 354
-
vinyl and styrene plastics, 184
-
viral vectors, 262–263
-
vision, lenses to improve
-
customised optics for diseased eyes, 36
-
low-vision enhancements, 36
-
myopia control, 35
-
presbyopia, accommodative lenses for, 35–36
-
-
vision loss, 9
-
vision loss, drug delivery to the posterior segment to combat, 349
-
background, 349
-
posterior segment anatomy, 349–353
-
posterior-segment pathology and available treatments, 353–356
-
-
delivery technologies, 356
-
contact lenses, 375–376
-
hydrogel technology, 369–373
-
implants, 373–375
-
microtechnology, 364–369
-
nanotechnology, 357–364
-
-
future directions, 382–383
-
opportunities and challenges, 376–382
-
-
visual function, 1
-
visual prostheses, desirable properties and challenges for the biomaterials of, 100–103
-
visual prosthesis, 98
-
Vitraserts®, 373
-
vitrectomies in vitreoretinal surgery, 73
-
vitreoretinal surgery, vitrectomies in, 73
-
vitreous body substitute (VBS), 81
-
vitreous humor, 6, 72–73
-
vitreous substitutes, 72
-
currently-used, 73–74
-
future directions, 88
-
in vivo studies, reports of, 76
-
natural polymers, substitutes based on, 80–82
-
synthetic polymers, substitutes based on, 76–80
-
-
oxime-crosslinked hyaluronan as
-
hyaluronan (HA)-oxime, development of, 83
-
in vivo biocompatibility, 85–87
-
in vivo stability, 84–85
-
oxime ligation as a crosslinking strategy, 82
-
physical characterization, 83–84
-
retinal function, assessment of, 87–88
-
-
polymeric vitreous substitutes, 75
-
crosslinking methods, 75–76
-
natural polymers, 75
-
synthetic polymers, 75
-
-
properties of, 74
-
biological properties, 74
-
chemical properties, 74
-
manufacturing properties, 75
-
physical properties, 74–75
-
-
-
wear, contact lens indications for
-
lens care systems, 22
-
medical uses, 20
-
refractive error, 19–20
-
rigid lens use, 21–22
-
soft lens use, 20–21
-
-
wet AMD, 9
-
Young’s modulus, 101
-
Yutiq™, 373
-
zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), 260
-
zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), 260
-
zonule fibres, 6