Subject Index Free

1H-1,2,3-triazole (TA), 87

1H-benzotriazole (BTA), 87

1(H)-naphthotriazole (NTA), 87

4-amino-N-(1,3)-thiazole-2-yl benzene sulfonamide, 85

4-point method, 115

AAMMCs. See aluminum alloy metal matrix composites (AAMMCs)

AAR. See alkali–aggregate reaction (AAR)

ABAQUS CAE software, 19

accuracy, 155

ACM. See atmosphere corrosion monitoring (ACM)

acoustic emission (AE) techniques, 129–130, 226

acrylic coatings, 324

aerial and satellite imagery, 420–421

AE techniques. See acoustic emission (AE) techniques

AFM. See atomic force microscopy (AFM)

AI. See artificial intelligence (AI)

alanine (ALA), 146

alkali–aggregate reaction (AAR), 107

alkaline environments, 56

alkyd coatings, 324

AlN. See aluminum nitride (AlN)

alternating current (AC), 89

Alumadeck^TM system, 20

alumina (Al₂O₃), 83, 314–315

aluminum, 223, 224

aluminum alloy metal matrix composites (AAMMCs), 21

aluminum alloys, 19, 59

aluminum nitride (AlN), 317

aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), 6

AMBER forcefields, 149

ANNs. See artificial neural networks (ANNs)

anode, 385–387

anodic inhibitors, 287–288

anodic protection, 300

anodic reaction, 277

antifouling coatings, 327

AR. See augmented reality (AR)

Arrhenius equation, 52

artificial intelligence (AI), 133–134, 184

artificial neural networks (ANNs), 133, 153–154, 156, 157

asphalt, 240

atmosphere corrosion monitoring (ACM), 226

atmospheric corrosion, 258

atmospheric pollutants, 12

atomic force microscopy (AFM), 15, 182

attenuation coefficient, 125

augmented reality (AR), 132–133

auxiliary electrodes, 99

azoles, 173

B3LYP method, 143, 144

Bacillus subtilis, 181

barrier coatings, 301, 349

BBD. See Box–Behnken design (BBD)

big data, 209

biochemical corrosion, 39–40

bio-concrete, 47

Box–Behnken design (BBD), 21

Building Research Establishment Test, 118

CA. See contact angle (CA)

calcium aluminate cement (CAC), 177

calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), 166

calcium chloride (CaCl₂), 171, 195

calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), 194

Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP), 144

canonical (NVT) ensemble, 148

carbonation, 22, 169–170, 197

carbonation depth measurement, 120

carbonation front, 120

carbon dioxide (CO₂), 130, 157, 166, 169

cathodic inhibitors, 288

cathodic protection (CP), 41, 228, 245, 262–263, 282, 300

cathodic protection systems (CPS), 43

• anode, 385–387

• chemical effects, 383–384

• conductive environments, 382

• cost-effective solution, 388

• DC feeder, 382

• electrochemical principles, 379–381

• impressed current systems, 387–388

• kinetic effects, 383

• overview, 377–378

• in real-world applications, 384

• rectifier-based systems, 385

• on ships, 385

• thermodynamic effects, 382–383

cathodic reaction, 277–278

cavitation corrosion, 41

CC. See conversion coatings (CC)

cement content determination, 120–121

Ce-metal organic frameworks (Ce-MOF), 329

ceramic coatings, 312

• general applications of, 313

• methods for fabrication of, 318

• types of ceramic materials, 313

  • non-oxide ceramics, 316–318

  • oxide ceramics, 314–316

ceramics, 11

CG. See conjugate gradient (CG)

chain-drag test method, 108

chemical corrosion, 37–38, 258

chemical degradation, 63

chemical effects, 383–384

chitosan-R8 (C-R8), 90

chitosan-R12 (C-R12), 90

chitosan-R16 (C-R16), 90

chloride content determination, 119

chloride ion ingress, 168–169

chloride ions, 61–62

chlorides, 172

civil and marine infrastructures

• future aspects, 406–407

• passivation, de-passivation, and corrosion, 393–395

• reinforced concrete, 395–397

• smart corrosion inhibition

  • controlled release, 397

  • historical buildings, 401–403

  • marine ferro-concretes, 403–406

  • micro–nano carrier encapsulation, 397–400

  • stimulation, 400–401

classical Hartree potential, 142

clay nanomaterials, 325

coastal engineering, 205

coatings, 228, 262, 301

• application techniques, 349–351

• barrier coatings, 349

• maintenance and inspection, 351

• protective coatings, 348–349

• sacrificial coatings, 348–349

coin tap test, 108

communication towers, 219

• corrosion challenges in, 221–225

• corrosion protection methods in, 228

• factors and reasons for corrosion in, 222

• structural integrity and operational dependability of, 221

compact tension (CT), 21

COMPASS forcefield, 149

composite materials, 224, 233

computational methods, 140

• for corrosion in concrete environments, 141

  • density functional theory, 141–146

  • MD simulations, 146–153

computer-based methods

• data management, 415

• enhanced accuracy, 415

• future of AI and robotics, 423

• increased efficiency, 415

• predictive analytics algorithms, 415–416

• real-time monitoring, 415

• remote sensing technologies

  • aerial and satellite imagery, 420–421

  • drones, 417–420

  • geographic information systems, 421–423

  • LiDAR, 416–417

• role of, 414–416

• traditional inspection methods

  • non-destructive testing, 412–413

  • radiographic testing, 413–414

  • ultrasonic testing, 413

  • vision-based infrastructure inspection, 412

  • visual inspection, 411–412

concrete, 24, 269–272

• carbonation-induced corrosion in, 197

  • buffering capacity, 198

  • calcite precipitation, 198–199

  • definition, 198

  • diffusion of carbon dioxide, 198

  • dissolution of CO₂ in liquid phase, 198

• chloride-induced corrosion in, 192

  • classification of chlorides in concrete, 194

  • corrosion of reinforcement steel, 196–197

  • diffusion in liquid phase, 193–194

  • formation of soluble chlorides, 194–195

  • interaction with cement aluminates, 195

  • penetration depth and concentration threshold, 193

  • reactive transport phenomenon, 196

  • sources and structural implications of chlorides, 192–193

• comparative impact of chloride and carbonation, 199

• composition and properties of, 191

• durability factors in, 191

  • cement content and aggregate quality, 192

  • curing and permeability, 192

  • environmental and mechanical conditions, 192

  • water quality and concrete compaction, 192

• overview of corrosion in masonry, 199

• permeability of, 116

• steel reinforcement in, 191

• tests for assessing chemical composition/characteristics of, 118

  • carbonation depth measurement, 120

  • cement content determination, 120–121

  • chloride content determination, 119

  • sulphate content determination, 121

• tests for assessing physical characteristics of, 111

  • permeability measurements, 116–118

  • rebound hammer test, 113–114

  • resistivity measurement, 114–116

  • ultrasonic pulse velocity, 112–113

concrete bridge decks, 241

concrete cover layer, 283

concrete resistivity, 80

conductive liquid, 115

conductivity, 59–60

conjugate gradient (CG), 147

consistent-valence forcefield (CVFF), 149

constant phase element (CPE), 94

contact angle (CA), 176

continuous monitoring, 226

conversion coatings (CC), 262, 308

• for protection of metals, 308

  • chromate conversion coatings, 308–309

  • molybdate conversion coatings, 311

  • phosphate conversion coatings, 309–311

  • titanate conversion coatings, 311–312

  • zirconate conversion coatings, 312

copper carbonate (CuCO₃), 6

copper oxide (CuO), 6

corrective maintenance, 261

corrosion, 1, 35, 105, 203, 220, 257

• advanced coating technologies and corrosion modeling techniques, 266

• bridge corrosion case study, 265–266

• challenges in communication towers, 221–225

• coatings

  • application techniques, 349–351

  • barrier coatings, 349

  • maintenance and inspection, 351

  • protective coatings, 348–349

  • sacrificial coatings, 348–349

• common corrosion issues and mitigation strategies in infrastructure, 13

  • aluminum components, 18–22

  • concrete-reinforced structures, 22–26

  • steel structures, 13–18

• cost, 51–52

• definition of, 237–238

• detection and monitoring, 225–229

• electrical system design

  • galvanic corrosion, 354–355

  • grounding and bonding techniques, 354

  • proper selection, 355–356

• electrochemical nature of, 238

• environmental factors, 346–348

• exterior design

  • cleaning and maintenance, 362–363

  • prevention of water intrusion, 362

  • weather-resistant cladding materials, 361

• factors influencing corrosion, 10, 168, 238–239, 259

  • carbonation, 169–170

  • chloride ion ingress, 168–169

  • environmental exposure, 11–12

  • environmental factors, 260

  • maintenance practices, 261

  • material composition, 10–11

  • material factors, 260–261

  • moisture content, 170–171

  • operational conditions, 12–13

• factors influencing corrosion in transportation structures, 239

• factors influencing infrastructure corrosion, 52

  • chloride ions, 61–62

  • conductivity, 59–60

  • diffusion, 58–59

  • humidity and rainwater, 60–61

  • microbial activity and soil composition, 62–64

  • oxygen concentration, 57–58

  • pH, 56–57

  • phase type, 55–56

  • pressure, 54–55

  • temperature, 52–54

• financial consequences, 220

• fire protection system design

  • impaired sprinkler system, 359

  • proper placement, 359–360

  • testing and maintenance, 360

• fundamentals of corrosion chemistry, 4

  • formation of corrosion products, 6

  • role of environmental factors, 5–6

• future trends, 363–364

• gradual degradation, 343

• HVAC system design

  • components, 356–357

  • equipment, 356

  • flashback corrosion, 356

  • humidity and moisture control, 357–358

  • regular cleaning and inspection, 358

• impact of environmental conditions, 171

  • exposure to de-icing salts, 171

  • industrial pollutants, 172–173

  • marine environments, 171–172

• infrastructure components, 41

  • power grid corrosion, 50–51

  • railroad corrosion, 45–46

  • road corrosion, 44–45

  • in sewers and water supplies, 46–49

  • in subway tunnels, 42–44

• in masonry, 199

• material compatibility, 347–348

• mechanisms, 165

  • breakdown of passive oxide layer, 165–166

  • electrochemical principles, 167

  • formation and role of corrosion cells, 167–168

• operational stability, 220

• overview, 342

• pitting corrosion, 343

• prevention and control, 245, 261

  • cathodic protection, 245, 262–263

  • maintenance strategies, 246

  • materials selection, 263–264

  • monitoring and inspection, 245

  • protective coating, 245, 262

• processes, 239

• protection methods, 37, 229

  • optimal procedures for preserving protective coatings, 230–233

  • optimal procedures for protective coating application, 230

• recent advances and innovations in mitigation strategies, 173–182

• relevance and potential applications of research in real-world industries, 205

• resistant materials, 346

• safety hazards, 220

• safety implications of, 2

• selection of materials, 344–345

• socio-economic impact, 26–28

• structural design

  • metal-to-metal contact, 352

  • moisture control, 352–353

  • proper drainage methods, 352–353

  • reinforcement placement, 353

• types of, 6, 37, 258

  • atmospheric corrosion, 258

  • biochemical corrosion, 39–40

  • chemical corrosion, 37–38, 258

  • corrosion accompanied by erosion, 40–41

  • crevice corrosion, 8–9

  • electrochemical corrosion, 39, 258–259

  • galvanic corrosion, 9

  • pitting corrosion, 8

  • stress-corrosion cracking, 9–10

  • uniform corrosion, 6–7

• types of corrosion affecting buildings and architectural structures, 206

  • crevice corrosion, 214

  • galvanic corrosion, 210–211

  • intergranular corrosion, 214–215

  • pitting corrosion, 211–214

  • uniform corrosion, 208–210

• types of transportation infrastructure, 239

  • bridges, 240–242

  • pipelines, 243–244

  • railways, 242–243

  • roads and highways, 240

• various forms of, 40

• in various transportation modes, 259

  • maritime transportation, 259

  • railways, 259

  • roads and bridges, 259

corrosion cells, 4, 167

corrosion inhibitors, 167, 173, 182, 232, 282

• concrete, 269–272

• mechanism, types, importance and protection methods, 276

  • anodic reaction, 277

  • cathodic reaction, 277–278

• reinforced concrete corrosion, 279–281

  • anodic inhibitors, 287–288

  • cathodic inhibitors, 288

  • inorganic inhibitors, 286

  • ionic liquids, 286–287

  • mixed inhibitors, 288–289

  • organic inhibitors, 284–286

• reinforced concrete structures, 272–274, 281

• steel rebars, 274–276

corrosion protection coatings (CPL), 49

cover meter surveys, 109

CP. See cathodic protection (CP)

CPE. See constant phase element (CPE)

CPL. See corrosion protection coatings (CPL)

CPS. See cathodic protection systems (CPS)

crevice corrosion, 8–9, 206, 207, 214

CV. See cyclic voltammetry (CV)

CVFF. See consistent-valence forcefield (CVFF)

cyclic polarization, 87–89

cyclic voltammetry (CV), 96–98, 180

data management, 415

DC feeder, 382

DCNNs. See deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs)

decision-making process, 154

decision trees, 154

deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), 127

de-icing salts, 171

density functional theory (DFT), 140–146, 158, 159, 178

density of states (DOS), 144

DFT. See density functional theory (DFT)

DIA. See digital image analysis (DIA)

diffusion, 58–59

digital image analysis (DIA), 110–111

dissimilar-joining, 330

dissimilar metal corrosion, 9

dissolution process, 92

dissolution reaction mechanism, 90

double-sided friction stir welding (DS-FSW), 21

double-walled smart encapsulated corrosion inhibitor, 398, 399

drones, 417–420

dry corrosion, 37

dry–wet processes, 43

DS-FSW. See double-sided friction stir welding (DS-FSW)

dual-action mechanism, 182

(E)-1-octyl-3-(2-(5-oxo-4,4-diphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)indolin-2-one (OPHIHI), 178

(E)-3-(2-(5-oxo-4,4-diphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)indolin-2-one (OIHIHI), 178

EBSD. See electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)

ECM. See electrochemical corrosion monitoring (ECM)

eddy current testing, 414

EDS. See energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)

EDT. See electrochemical deposition treatment (EDT)

EDX. See energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)

EIS. See electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

electrical system design

• galvanic corrosion, 354–355

• grounding and bonding techniques, 354

• proper selection, 355–356

electrochemical analysis, 53

electrochemical corrosion, 39, 258–259

electrochemical corrosion monitoring (ECM), 75

• environmental factors, 98–99

• interpretation of data, 98

• overview of, 76

  • cyclic polarization, 87–89

  • cyclic voltammetry, 96–98

  • electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, 89–96

  • linear polarization resistance, 76–81

  • potentiodynamic polarization, 81–86

• sensor selection and placement, 99

  • advances in sensor technology, 99–100

  • non-intrusive corrosion monitoring techniques, 100

electrochemical corrosion process, 303

electrochemical deposition treatment (EDT), 25

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), 15, 16, 17, 84, 89–96, 175, 184

electrochemical techniques, 2, 36, 50, 174, 283

electromagnetic methods, 100

electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), 21

electron microscopy, 54

electrons, 167

embeddable sensors, 130–132

(E)-N′-(4-(dimethylamino)-benzylidene)-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)aceto-hydrazide (HIND), 15

energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), 15, 214

energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), 176

environmental factors, 98–99, 302

environmental monitoring, 230–231

environmental pollution, 51

environmental remediation, 51

environmental sensors, 229

epoxy coatings, 323

equivalent circuit modeling, 90

Escherichia coli, 181

evolutionary machine learning algorithms, 154

F1 score, 156

FCA. See full-cost accounting (FCA)

FEA. See finite element analysis (FEA)

feature selection, 155

FEM. See finite element methods (FEM)

FESEM. See field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)

fiber-reinforced composites, 11

fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), 22, 183, 184

field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), 15, 21

Figg’s air permeability method, 117–118

filiform corrosion (FFC), 302

finite element analysis (FEA), 19, 20

finite element methods (FEM), 177

fire protection system design

• impaired sprinkler system, 359

• proper placement, 359–360

• testing and maintenance, 360

first-order reliability method (FORM), 20

flashback corrosion, 356

fly ash, 158

forcefields, 148

• classical forcefields, 149

  • AMBER forcefields, 149

  • COMPASS forcefield, 149

  • consistent-valence forcefield, 149

  • universal forcefield, 149

• ReaxFF forcefield, 149

  • AuCSOH.ff (Au/C/S/O/H), 150

  • CuCl–H₂O.ff (Cu/Cl/H/O), 149

  • FeOCHCl.ff (Fe/O/C/H/Cl), 149–150

Forcite module, 153

FORM. See first-order reliability method (FORM)

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 22, 176

Friedel’s salt, 194

FRPs. See fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)

FTIR. See Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

full-cost accounting (FCA), 52

Galloping Gertie, 2

galvanic corrosion, 9, 206, 207, 210–211, 354–355

galvanized steel (GS), 80, 224

GAs. See genetic algorithms (GAs)

gas tungsten arc cladding, 330

general corrosion, 6

generalized gradient approximation (GGA), 143

genetic algorithms (GAs), 154

geographic information systems (GIS), 421–423

GGA. See generalized gradient approximation (GGA)

GIS. See geographic information systems (GIS)

GLCM. See gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)

GNPs. See graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)

grand canonical (μVT) ensemble, 147

graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), 178, 179

gravimetric analysis, 91

gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), 412

greenhouse gas emissions, 24

GridSearchCV method, 156

gross national product (GNP), 74

ground-penetrating radar (GPR), 184

Gumbel model, 43

half-cell potential (HCP), 121–123

halloysite nanotube (HNT), 399

hammer test, 108

Hartree–Fock method, 144

high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 231

HVAC system design

• components, 356–357

• equipment, 356

• flashback corrosion, 356

• humidity and moisture control, 357–358

• regular cleaning and inspection, 358

hybrid coatings, 327, 328

hydration, 270

hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), 46, 47, 48

hydroxyapatite (HA), 317

ICCP system. See impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system

icephobic coatings, 330

IDA. See incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)

imidazolines, 173

impact echo (IE) method, 127–129

impaired sprinkler system, 359

impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system, 42, 231, 263

impressed current systems, 387–388

incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), 49

induction heating (IH), 127

industrial pollutants, 172–173

inert chlorides, 194

infrared thermography (IR), 127

infrastructure corrosion, 52, 60

inhibitors, 284

initial surface absorption test (ISAT), 117–118

inorganic inhibitors, 286

interdisciplinary methods, 184

intergranular corrosion, 19, 53, 207

• stress corrosion cracking, 215–216

Internet of Things (IoT), 233

interpretation of data, 98

ionic liquids, 286–287

ISAT. See initial surface absorption test (ISAT)

isobaric–isothermal (NPT) ensemble, 147

Keras, 156

kinetic effects, 383

Kohn–Sham equations, 142, 143

LAMMPS software, 150

Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, 182

Langmuir adsorption model, 21

Langmuir kinetic model, 91

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), 100

layered double hydroxides (LDHs), 146, 399

LDA. See local density approximation (LDA)

LGBM. See light gradient boosting machine (LGBM)

LIBS. See laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

LiDAR, 416–417

light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), 24

limit state function (LSF), 20

linear polarisation resistance (LPR), 76–81, 121, 123–124, 132

linear regression, 153

liquid penetrant testing, 414

local density approximation (LDA), 143

localized corrosion, 39

logistic regression, 153

LPR. See linear polarisation resistance (LPR)

machine learning (ML), 98, 111, 133–134, 153, 159, 184, 209

• analysis of machine learning performance metrics, 155

  • accuracy, 155

  • F1 score, 156

  • mean squared error, 156

  • precision and recall, 155

• artificial neural networks, 153–154

• decision trees, 154

• evolutionary machine learning algorithms, 154

• feature selection in, 155

• genetic algorithms, 154

• structure and modeling methods, 153

• support vector machines, 154

MAE. See mean absolute error (MAE)

magnesium (Mg), 211

magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), 25, 171, 194

magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), 195

magnetic particle testing, 413–414

marine engineering, 205

marine environments, 171–172

marine infrastructures, 403–406

material selection, 228, 263–264

maximum ground velocity (MGV), 49

MD simulations. See molecular dynamics (MD) simulations

mean absolute error (MAE), 157

mean squared error (MSE), 156, 157

metallic coatings, 262, 304

• application of, 305–308

• application techniques, 304–305

MGV. See maximum ground velocity (MGV)

MIC. See microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)

micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process, 314

microbial activity, 62–64

microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), 39, 47, 243, 314

microcanonical (NVE) ensemble, 147

micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), 178

micro–nano carrier encapsulation, 397–400

mixed inhibitors, 288–289

ML. See machine learning (ML)

MLR. See multiple linear regression (MLR)

modified Figg’s method, 118

moisture content, 170–171

molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, 140, 146, 158, 159, 178

• forcefields in, 148–150

• foundations of, 146–147

• performing MD simulations, 147

  • energy minimization, 147

  • ensembles and periodic boundary conditions, 147–148

MSE. See mean squared error (MSE)

multi-coloured indicators, 120

multiple linear regression (MLR), 157

N′-[(1Z)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide (CEI), 181

N′-[(Z)-(4-bromophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide (BBI), 181

nano-ferrite (NF), 329

nano-fillers, 173

nanosilica (NS), 178, 179

natural hydrogen electrode (NHE), 123

NDT. See non-destructive testing (NDT)

Nernst–Planck (NP) formulation, 177

Newton’s second law, 147

NHE. See natural hydrogen electrode (NHE)

niobium (Nb), 316

niobium oxide (Nb₂O₅), 316

nitrogen oxides (NO_x), 5, 12, 172

noble metals, 259

non-destructive evaluation/damage progression analysis (NDE/DPA), 127

nondestructive inspection (NDI) techniques, 224

non-destructive testing (NDT), 106, 124, 127, 245, 412–413

• acoustic emission, 129–130

• augmented reality and virtual reality, 132–133

• embeddable sensors, 130–132

• impact echo, 127–129

• machine learning and artificial intelligence assisted analysis, 133–134

• radiographic testing, 125–126

• thermographic testing, 126–127

non-intrusive corrosion monitoring techniques, 100

non-oxide ceramics, 316

• aluminum nitride, 317

• hydroxyapatite, 317

• silicon carbide, 316–317

• silicon nitride, 317

• titanium nitride, 317–318

numerical analysis, 49

Nyquist plots, 89, 90, 94

OCP. See open-circuit potential (OCP)

OCT. See optical coherence tomography (OCT)

one-stage melt-quench technique, 85

online monitoring techniques, 54

OPC. See ordinary Portland cement (OPC)

open-circuit potential (OCP), 78, 84

optical coherence tomography (OCT), 100

ordinary Portland cement (OPC), 177

organic coatings, 262, 300, 318

• functions and applications of, 318–322

• modifications in, 322

  • antifouling coatings and surfaces, 327

  • self-healing coatings, 322–326

  • water-repelling coatings, 326–327

• types of, 322

organic inhibitors, 284–286

organometallic compounds, 284

oxide ceramics, 314

• alumina ceramic coatings, 314–315

• niobium oxide, 316

• silicon dioxide, 316

• titanium dioxide, 315

• zirconium dioxide, 315–316

oxygen, 5

• concentration, 57–58

partial dependence plots (PDP), 158

passive thermography, 127

PBCs. See periodic boundary conditions (PBCs)

PDP. See partial dependence plots (PDP); potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP)

Pearson correlation coefficients, 157

periodic boundary conditions (PBCs), 148

pH, 56–57

phosphate glass (PG), 85

pH-sensitive polymers, 325

phytochemical analysis, 21

pitting corrosion, 8, 13, 206, 207, 211–214

plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process, 314

polarization resistance (PR), 80, 82

polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 24

polymethyl siloxanes (PDMS), 326

polyurethane coatings, 174, 323

Portland cement, 116

positive predictive value, 155

potentiodynamic curves, 83

potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP), 81–86, 121, 181

power grid corrosion, 50–51

PR. See polarization resistance (PR)

precision, 155

predictive analytics algorithms, 415–416

preventive maintenance, 261

protective coatings, 172, 208, 210, 222, 230, 245, 262, 300, 348–349

• for infrastructure developments, 331

  • challenges, 331–332

  • future breakthroughs, 332

• protection mechanisms of, 301

  • general failure mechanism of coatings used for infrastructure protection, 302–303

  • understanding failure mechanism, 303–304

protective hybrid coatings, 327–331

quantum chemical calculations, 91

quasi-Newton (QN) methods, 147

radiographic testing (RT), 125–126

• eddy current testing, 414

• liquid penetrant testing, 414

• magnetic particle testing, 413–414

railroad corrosion, 45–46

railway tracks, 242

rainfall, 260

random forest regression (RFR), 156, 157

RC. See reinforced concrete (RC)

rebound hammer test, 113–114

recall, 155

reference electrodes, 82, 99, 131, 231

reflective coatings, 301

reinforced concrete (RC), 17, 41, 62, 106

• corrosion, 279–281

  • anodic inhibitors, 287–288

  • cathodic inhibitors, 288

  • effects on seismic resilience of buildings, 289–290

  • inorganic inhibitors, 286

  • ionic liquids, 286–287

  • mixed inhibitors, 288–289

  • natural products as corrosion inhibitors in, 289

  • organic inhibitors, 284–286

• structures, 272–274

  • cathodic protection, 282

  • concrete cover layer, 283

  • concrete formulation and concrete quality, 283

  • concrete repair and sealing, 283

  • corrosion inhibitors, 282

  • corrosion-resistant materials, 282

  • design and construction practices, 283–284

  • electrochemical techniques, 283

  • maintenance and monitoring, 284

  • surface coatings and insulation materials, 282

reinforcement bars, 274

reinforcement corrosion, 121

• half-cell potential, 121–123

• linear polarisation resistance, 123–124

relative humidity (RH), 23

reliability index (RI), 20

remote sensing technologies

• aerial and satellite imagery, 420–421

• drones, 417–420

• geographic information systems, 421–423

• LiDAR, 416–417

remote visual inspection (RVI), 109–110

resistance coefficient, 179

resistance reducing agents (RRA), 50

resistivity measurement, 114–116

RFR. See random forest regression (RFR)

RH. See relative humidity (RH)

Rheum ribes (RR) root extract, 176

RI. See reliability index (RI)

RMSE. See root mean squared error (RMSE)

road corrosion, 44–45

root mean squared error (RMSE), 157

RRA. See resistance reducing agents (RRA)

RT. See radiographic testing (RT)

rust, 6

• allowance, 283

• staining, 22

RVI. See remote visual inspection (RVI)

sacrificial coatings, 301, 348–349

salt crusts, 172

salt spray testing (SST), 92

saturated calomel electrode (SCE), 123

scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 22, 46, 91, 182, 214

SCC. See stress-corrosion cracking (SCC)

SCE. See saturated calomel electrode (SCE)

Schmidt rebound hammer, 114

Schrödinger equation, 141, 143

Scikit-Learn, 156

SCMs. See supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs)

self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) simulations, 16

self-healing coatings, 232, 301–302, 322–326

self-healing polyurethanes, 174

self-repairing coatings, 174, 325

SEM. See scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

sensitivity, 155

SFRC. See steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC)

SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), 158

SHM. See structural health monitoring (SHM)

silicon carbide (SiC), 21, 83, 226, 316–317

silicon dioxide (SiO₂), 316

silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), 317

slow diffusion mechanisms, 58

smart corrosion inhibition

• controlled release, 397

• historical buildings, 401–403

• marine ferro-concretes, 403–406

• micro–nano carrier encapsulation, 397–400

• schematic cross-section, 398

• stimulation, 400–401

smart sensor integration, 233

SOB. See sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB)

socio-economic impact, 26–28

sodium chloride (NaCl), 5, 17, 171, 175, 177, 194

sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 25, 195

sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 48, 49

soil acidity, 63

soil composition, 62–64

soil–structure interaction (SSI), 62

solar panels, 205

sol–gel reactions, 327

soluble chlorides, 194

SRA. See structural reliability assessment (SRA)

SRB. See sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)

SS. See stainless steel (SS)

SST. See salt spray testing (SST)

stainless steel (SS), 42, 50, 88, 224

steel alloys, 264

steel bridge decks, 241

steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), 14

steel rebars, 274–276

steel-reinforced concrete, 164

steel reinforcement, 164, 166, 173, 240

steepest descent (SD), 147

Stern–Geary constant, 124

Stern–Geary model, 80

stray current (SC), 14

stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), 9–10, 12, 207, 215–216, 239

structural health monitoring (SHM), 127, 229

structural reliability assessment (SRA), 19

structure–property relationships, 141

subway tunnels, 42–44

sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), 48

sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), 48

sulfur dioxide (SO₂), 5, 12, 172

sulfuric acid (H₃SO₄), 172

sulphate content determination, 121

superhydrophobic coatings, 326–327

supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), 156–157

support vector machines (SVMs), 154

support vector regression (SVR), 156, 157

surface coatings, 182, 282

surface moisture measurement, 108–109

suspension bridges, 241–242

SVMs. See support vector machines (SVMs)

SVR. See support vector regression (SVR)

Tafel curve techniques, 79, 80

tapping survey, 108

TDS. See triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate (TDS)

TEM. See transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

temperature, 52–54

tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 329

TGA. See thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

thermal oxidation (TO) technique, 315

thermal resistance, 301

thermal spraying, 330

thermodynamic effects, 382–383

thermographic testing, 126–127

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 176

Ti6Al4V alloy, 315

tight-binding density functional theory (DFTB), 178

titanium dioxide (TiO₂), 315

titanium nitride (TiN), 317–318

tragic recent events, 409

transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 176–177

transmitter, 112

transportation infrastructure

• corrosion, 258

• emerging threats, 247

• innovative solutions, 247

• notable corrosion incidents in, 246–247

• research and development needs, 247

• types of, 239

  • bridges, 240–242

  • pipelines, 243–244

  • railways, 242–243

  • roads and highways, 240

transportation networks, 237

tri(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate) (Ce(DEHP)₃), 328

tricalcium aluminate (C₃A), 195

triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate (TDS), 151

triethanolamine phosphate (TP), 151

triethyl-ammonium-3-silatranylpropyldithio-carbamate (Silt-DTC), 91

UAVs. See unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

ultrahigh-strength steel (UHSS), 91

ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), 112–113

ultrasonic techniques, 100

ultrasonic testing (UT), 184, 225, 413

ultrasonic wave, 112

ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 240

uniform corrosion, 6–7, 13, 39, 207, 208–210

universal forcefield (UFF), 149

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 110, 229

UPV. See ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)

UT. See ultrasonic testing (UT)

verdigris, 6

Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package (VASP), 144

vinyl coating, 324

virtual reality (VR), 132–133

vision-based infrastructure inspection, 412

visual inspection techniques, 107

• chain-drag test method, 108

• cover meter surveys, 109

• recent advancements in, 109

  • digital image analysis, 110–111

  • remote visual inspection, 109–110

• surface moisture measurement, 108–109

• tapping survey/hammer test/coin tap test, 108

visual techniques, 106–111

Volhard method, 119

water-repelling coatings, 302, 326–327

weathering steel, 11

Wenner four-probe, 80

Wenner method, 115

Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index, 61

wet–dry cycling environment, 175

wind turbines, 205

working electrodes, 82, 89, 99

XGBoost, 156, 157

XPS. See X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

X-ray diffraction (XRD), 15, 96

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, 119

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 15, 213

X-ray radiography, 126

XRD. See X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Young modulus, 178

zinc-rich coatings, 174

zinc-rich epoxy (ZRE), 329

zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), 315–316