Assessing the health risk from chemical exposures is a deliberate process undergoing modernization through incorporation of current and credible science. But the move from basic research to risk assessment tool is a long process. It requires development and acceptance of new methods that must be validated and compared with existing methods. In 2007, the United States National Research Council recommended a visionary strategy focused on predictive toxicology. The strategy has provided the impetus for using toxicity pathway analysis, computational tools, and in vitro cellular and subcellular bioassays to identify adverse health effects. This has led to the identification of adverse outcome pathways to evaluate chemical toxicity to guide general approaches to public health decision making, formulation of policies, characterization of public health problems, and testing of chemical causative agents.