Biomass pyrolysis has been the subject of a growing body of research into its process economics. The pathway’s ability to produce hydrocarbon fuels is seen as a means of meeting blending mandates without exceeding the 10 vol% ethanol blend wall in the United States. This chapter reviews the recent economic assessments of various pyrolysis pathways for the production of transportation fuels. It also discusses how substantial differences with regard to assumptions and methodologies are an important hurdle to efforts to compare different pyrolysis pathways. Finally, this chapter discusses how stochastic modeling can improve the accuracy of existing deterministic techno-economic models when assessing the economic feasibility of pyrolysis pathways.