It was shown in different experimental models that short peptides possess anti-carcinogenic and geroprotective properties, while being safe in long-term administration to animals. Experimental studies of complex peptide bioregulators and synthetic peptides suggested major molecular mechanisms of their biological activity and identified specificity of their action. Effects of short peptides on gene expression, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and functions of various organs have been studied. These studies motivate application of peptides in old and senile people to maintain and correct major resources of the human organism.