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COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Series Editors:

Prof. Lesley Rhodes

University of Manchester, UK

Dr Evelyne Sage

Institut Curie, France

Dr Massimo Trotta

Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici-CNR, Italy

COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY

Series Editors: Evelyne Sage, Lesley Rhodes and Massimo Trotta

Titles in this Series:

Volume 1  UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems 
Edited by E.W. Helbling and H. Zagarese 
Volume 2  Photodynamic Therapy 
Edited by T. Patrice 
Volume 3  Photoreceptors and Light Signalling 
Edited by A. Batschauer 
Volume 4  Lasers and Current Optical Techniques in Biology 
Edited by G. Palumbo and R. Pratesi 
Volume 5  From DNA Photolesions to Mutations, Skin Cancer and Cell Death 
Edited by É. Sage, R. Drouin and M. Rouabhia 
Volume 6  Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology 
Edited by E. Silva and A.M. Edwards 
Volume 7  Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook 
Edited by R. Pottier, B. Krammer, R. Baumgartner and H. Stepp 
Volume 8  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 1: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 9  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 2: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 10  Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin 
Edited by Paolo U. Giacomoni 
Volume 11  Photodynamic Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens: Medical and Environmental Applications 
Edited by Michael R. Hamblin and Giulio Jori 
Volume 12  Surface Water Photochemistry 
Edited by Paola Calza and Davide Vione 
Volume 13  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 1 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 14  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 2 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 15  Photodynamic Medicine: From Bench to Clinic 
Edited by Herwig Kostron and Tayyaba Hasan 
Volume 1  UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems 
Edited by E.W. Helbling and H. Zagarese 
Volume 2  Photodynamic Therapy 
Edited by T. Patrice 
Volume 3  Photoreceptors and Light Signalling 
Edited by A. Batschauer 
Volume 4  Lasers and Current Optical Techniques in Biology 
Edited by G. Palumbo and R. Pratesi 
Volume 5  From DNA Photolesions to Mutations, Skin Cancer and Cell Death 
Edited by É. Sage, R. Drouin and M. Rouabhia 
Volume 6  Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology 
Edited by E. Silva and A.M. Edwards 
Volume 7  Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook 
Edited by R. Pottier, B. Krammer, R. Baumgartner and H. Stepp 
Volume 8  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 1: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 9  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 2: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 10  Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin 
Edited by Paolo U. Giacomoni 
Volume 11  Photodynamic Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens: Medical and Environmental Applications 
Edited by Michael R. Hamblin and Giulio Jori 
Volume 12  Surface Water Photochemistry 
Edited by Paola Calza and Davide Vione 
Volume 13  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 1 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 14  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 2 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 15  Photodynamic Medicine: From Bench to Clinic 
Edited by Herwig Kostron and Tayyaba Hasan 

Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books

COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY – VOLUME 15

Photodynamic Medicine

From Bench to Clinic

Editors

Herwig Kostron

University of Innsbruck

Anichstrasse 35

6020 Innsbruck

Austria

and

Tayyaba Hasan

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Wellman Center

Bartlett Hall 314, 55 Fruit Street

Boston MA 02114

USA

graphic

graphic

ISBN: 978-1-78262-451-6

PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-682-4

EPUB eISBN: 978-1-78262-823-1

ISSN: 2041-9716

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

© European Society for Photobiology 2016

All rights reserved

Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page.

The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work.

The authors have sought to locate owners of all reproduced material not in their own possession and trust that no copyrights have been inadvertently infringed.

Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry,

Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road,

Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK

Registered Charity Number 207890

For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org

Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK

Figures & Tables

Volume 1  UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems 
Edited by E.W. Helbling and H. Zagarese 
Volume 2  Photodynamic Therapy 
Edited by T. Patrice 
Volume 3  Photoreceptors and Light Signalling 
Edited by A. Batschauer 
Volume 4  Lasers and Current Optical Techniques in Biology 
Edited by G. Palumbo and R. Pratesi 
Volume 5  From DNA Photolesions to Mutations, Skin Cancer and Cell Death 
Edited by É. Sage, R. Drouin and M. Rouabhia 
Volume 6  Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology 
Edited by E. Silva and A.M. Edwards 
Volume 7  Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook 
Edited by R. Pottier, B. Krammer, R. Baumgartner and H. Stepp 
Volume 8  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 1: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 9  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 2: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 10  Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin 
Edited by Paolo U. Giacomoni 
Volume 11  Photodynamic Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens: Medical and Environmental Applications 
Edited by Michael R. Hamblin and Giulio Jori 
Volume 12  Surface Water Photochemistry 
Edited by Paola Calza and Davide Vione 
Volume 13  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 1 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 14  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 2 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 15  Photodynamic Medicine: From Bench to Clinic 
Edited by Herwig Kostron and Tayyaba Hasan 
Volume 1  UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems 
Edited by E.W. Helbling and H. Zagarese 
Volume 2  Photodynamic Therapy 
Edited by T. Patrice 
Volume 3  Photoreceptors and Light Signalling 
Edited by A. Batschauer 
Volume 4  Lasers and Current Optical Techniques in Biology 
Edited by G. Palumbo and R. Pratesi 
Volume 5  From DNA Photolesions to Mutations, Skin Cancer and Cell Death 
Edited by É. Sage, R. Drouin and M. Rouabhia 
Volume 6  Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology 
Edited by E. Silva and A.M. Edwards 
Volume 7  Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook 
Edited by R. Pottier, B. Krammer, R. Baumgartner and H. Stepp 
Volume 8  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 1: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 9  Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 2: Principles and Apparatus 
Edited by G. Renger 
Volume 10  Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin 
Edited by Paolo U. Giacomoni 
Volume 11  Photodynamic Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens: Medical and Environmental Applications 
Edited by Michael R. Hamblin and Giulio Jori 
Volume 12  Surface Water Photochemistry 
Edited by Paola Calza and Davide Vione 
Volume 13  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 1 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 14  Singlet Oxygen: Applications in Biosciences and Nanosciences, Volume 2 
Edited by Santi Nonell and Cristina Flors 
Volume 15  Photodynamic Medicine: From Bench to Clinic 
Edited by Herwig Kostron and Tayyaba Hasan 

Contents

References

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