Numerous efforts have been devoted to developing high-performance graphene-based electrodes for application in advanced electrochemical energy storage systems (e.g., lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs)), including modified graphene with various structures and types of heteroatom doping, as well as their related composite-/hybridized-electrode materials. Owing to their outstanding characteristics (large surface area, high electronic conductivity, high charge carrier mobility, great mechanical strength, and high theoretical capacity), graphene-based electrodes have been widely demonstrated to show improved and diverse properties for LIBs and SIBs in terms of high specific capacity, high rate capability, long cycling life, and flexible-battery structures. In this chapter, we briefly provide an overview of the significant progress achieved on graphene-based electrodes (including both cathodes and anodes) for application in LIBs and SIBs over the past decade. Moreover, despite the impressive improved electrochemical performance reported for LIBs and SIBs, emerging challenges and some perspectives on the use of graphene-based electrodes for future LIB and SIB applications are also presented in this chapter.