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While the mechanisms of micronucleus induction have been the objectives of many investigations, the fate of micronuclei or micronucleus-containing cells is still very uncertain. They may be the origin of malignant transformation resulting in tumor development or they may be prone to cell death, not harming the organism. Available information regarding the survival of micronucleated cells, the elimination or reintegration of micronuclei, the role of apoptosis and chromothripsis in this context, and possible influences of test substances and cell types is summarized here.

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