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Three-dimensional (3D) human cell or tissue model systems provide a cellular microenvironment emulating native tissues in the human biology. These tissue engineering systems have been developed to investigate the efficacy and safety of new drugs, with the goal of conducting clinical trials of engineered human 3D tissues. Although research and commercialization are moving at a rapid pace, the ethical issues surrounding this technology have not been addressed on a commensurate time scale. The identification of the ethical concerns with this technology is not only a social responsibility but also in the interest of the future of this technology. Here, we discuss the ethical issues associated with human 3D tissue and organ modeling.

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