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The global burden of neurological diseases has substantially increased over the past 25 years, accounting for 16.8% of global deaths–the second leading cause of death following cardiovascular diseases. It is of biological and urgent clinical interest to identify easily accessible and quantifiable disease-associated biomarkers for efficient diagnostics, prognosis, and therapeutics. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained considerable attention because of their promising roles as noninvasive, stable, and reproducible biomarkers for neurological disease management. We herein summarize the up-to-date knowledge of the discovery of circulating miRNAs on both major (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and rare (e.g., multiple sclerosis and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage) neurological disorders and discuss future perspectives.

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