Antiviral Discovery for Highly Pathogenic Emerging Viruses
Chapter 6: Vaccine Development in the Midst of Ebolavirus Disease Outbreaks
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Published:26 Nov 2021
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Special Collection: 2021 ebook collection
Jayanthi Wolf, Risat Jannat, Sheri Dubey, Sean Troth, Matthew T. Onorato, Jakub K. Simon, 2021. "Vaccine Development in the Midst of Ebolavirus Disease Outbreaks", Antiviral Discovery for Highly Pathogenic Emerging Viruses, César Muñoz-Fontela, Rafael Delgado
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Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family, a group of filamentous, enveloped RNA viruses, maintained in nature in an enzootic cycle (presumably) involving bats and epizootic cycles involving human and non-human primates (NHPs). After introduction from the enzootic cycle, the virus is transmitted through human-to-human contact.1 The human and societal impact of EBOV disease (EVD) outbreaks are significant, including high mortality rates and long-term persistence in immune privileged body sites in survivors.2 There are also indirect health effects for those not infected, specifically a reduction in uptake of reproductive, maternal and child health services, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome care, and malaria services.3 The largest EVD outbreak as of this writing (2013–2016) was declared the third Public Health Emergency of International Concern in history, causing widespread panic, border closings and social and economic disruption,4 and prompted intensified vaccine and antiviral development. The global economic and social burden of the 2013–2016 outbreak was estimated to be at least USD 53.19 billion;5 and models predict additional reductions in economic growth and significant, long-term implications in impacted countries based on the severity of the outbreak.6