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Nanotechnology has led to significant advances in biomedical applications, including diagnosis and therapy. Many different inorganic-based nanoparticles have been evaluated over the years, for a wide variety of biomedical applications. Not only can they provide enhanced imaging performance but they also can offer greater versatility of imaging and theranostic applications. Inorganic nanoparticles developed for imaging and theranostics are based on a range of materials including gold (spheres, rods, shells, and cages), iron oxide, silica, carbon, and numerous 2D inorganic nanomaterials. In this chapter, we first highlight the fundamental chemistry of the most widely explored materials. We then discuss recent advances in the development of inorganic nanomaterials for imaging, cancer biomarker detection, and theranostics. The various challenges associated with the construction of inorganic theranostic nanoplatforms are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.

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