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Unplanned and unmonitored growth of civilization and industry recorded in the previous decades have resulted in the introduction of several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, pharmaceuticals etc. in adjacent aquatic environments. Bioaccumulation of these pollutants at different stages of the food chain and in potable water has been causing significant alarm across the world. The present chapter reviews and compiles recent reports on membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for separation of POPs from their aqueous phases with emphasis on biodegradation of POPs, advanced configurations of MBRs, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes and application of MBRS for treatments of POP-laden effluents. This study also discusses the cost effectiveness of different processes of nanocomposite-based wastewater treatment discussed herein. This chapter includes a discussion of different strategies of process optimization that ensure efficient treatment of effluents.

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