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An efficient molecular-level separation membrane with high permeability and superior selectivity is of pivotal significance for precise molecular/ion separation. However, there still exists a technical challenge to accurately control the membrane pore apertures at nanoscale dimensions for molecular separations. The use of two-dimensional (2D) materials featuring single-layered/few-layered thickness is favored for shortening the transport pathway for solvent molecules. Owing to their facile fabrication process, tunable pore size, and versatile functions, 2D material-based membranes show great potential to overcome this challenge for rapid and efficient separations via the combined effect of pore aperture and pore surface functionalization. Recently, 2D non-carbon-based nanomaterials have been extensively explored as effective building blocks to construct high-performance membranes. This chapter outlines the characteristics and synthesis methods of several non-carbon-based 2D materials like MOFs, COFs, and MXene. The use of these 2D materials for membrane design and their applications for liquid separation is summarized and discussed. Subsequently, the challenges of non-carbon-based 2D materials used in liquid separation and the future development direction are highlighted.

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