CHAPTER 12: Mxene-based Disposable Sensors

Mxenes, an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials comprising transition metal carbides or nitrides (Ti₃C₂T_x), have been investigated because of their excellent electrical conductivities, large specific surface area, unique electrochemical properties and impressive tensile strengths. They have attracted the broader scientific community and have opened up a plethora of applications such as electrochemical sensors, solar cells, and catalysis and energy storage. It is crucial to study how the synthetic procedures and surface functionalizations affect the diversity of Mxenes performance, modularity and their chemical, thermal and physical properties. Interestingly, the distinctive electrochemical redox characteristics make Mxenes a powerful platform for excellent biosensors. Electrode modification is a crucial part of the sensor because it is the sole deciding factor for high selectivity, sensitivity, reproducibility, dynamic ranges and ultrasensitive detection limits of sensing devices. In this chapter, we unveil recent synthetic routes of Mxenes, properties, microstructural design, fabrication strategies and applications in miniaturized electrochemical sensors, wearable electronics and energy storage. Our main aim is to focus on Mxene-based miniaturized electrochemical sensors for various crucial analytes, electrode modification pathways, redox mediators, sensing mechanisms and analytical parameters. Finally, we conclude with a summary on and future scope of disposable sensors.