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This chapter sets out the science behind thin film photovoltaic (PV) materials, the fundamentals of the PV effect and requirements from a material point of view. It provides the basis for the reader to reach an understanding of the solar energy available for a PV solar cell to convert to electricity. The fundamental limitations of the absorbing material within a single junction solar cell, due to its characteristics and in particular its bandgap energy, are described. The material and device design opportunities to go beyond the limits of single junction solar cells are also introduced.

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