Sphingolipids are a major family of lipids that contain a long-chain base such as sphingosine or sphinganine as a common structural unit. This family includes some of the highest molecular weight and most complex lipids found in the animal and plant kingdoms. The long-chain base originates from a fatty acyl CoA ester, predominately palmitoyl-CoA, which condenses with an amino acid, typically serine. After several intermediate steps, the long-chain base which is formed serves as a scaffold for modification of the amino group by fatty acid acylation to form ceramides, and these in turn can be subsequently modified. This chapter covers sphingolipids (SP), ceramides, sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids.