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We argue that both oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring metabolites are central in metabolic pathways. This chapter examines common C–O heterocycles including hemiacetals, lactones, pyrones, flavanones, and ethers. It also takes up key nitrogen heterocycles including pyrroles, imidazoles, lactams, and indole in the side chain of tryptophan. Biosynthetic logic and key reactivity patterns in terms of nucleophilic and electrophilic groups are identified.

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