Directory

Bold type indicates a primary entry, all of which are arranged in alphabetical order in the body of the book. Many related concepts are described within the primary entries, and this Directory directs you to the relevant primary entry by the instruction ‘See X; Y; etc.’. Note that even many of the primary concepts arise in different contexts and can be approached in different ways; these alternative avenues to them are indicated by the instruction ‘See also X; Y; etc.’.

• α radiation, See radioactivity

• ab initio methods

• absolute configuration, See Bijvoet method; configuration

• absorbance, See absorption; Beer−Lambert law

• absorption

• accidental degeneracy, See degeneracy

• accommodation

• acid

• acid buffer, See buffer

• acid catalysis, See catalyst

• acid−base indicator

• acidity constant

• activation controlled reaction, See diffusion-controlled reaction

• activation energy, See Arrhenius parameters

• activation parameters

• activity, See also chemical potential

• activity coefficient, See activity

• activity of radiation, See radioactivity

• adiabatic

• adiabatic bomb calorimeter, See calorimeter

• adiabatic boundary, See system and surroundings

• adiabatic constant, See γ

• adiabatic demagnetization

• adiabatic expansion, See γ; mechanical equilibrium

• adiabatic nuclear demagnetization, See adiabatic demagnetization

• adsorbent, See adsorption

• adsorption

• adsorption isotherm; See also isothermal process

• AES, See Auger effect

• affinity of reaction

• AFM, See scanning tunnelling microscopy

• allowed transition, See also transition dipole moment

• Allred−Rochow scale, See electronegativity

• amount of substance

• amount of substance concentration, See molar concentration

• amphiprotic

• angular momentum, See also commutator; moment of inertia; orbital angular momentum; rotation

• angular node, See node

• angular velocity, See rotation

• angular wavefunction, See atomic orbital; hydrogenic atom

• anharmonic motion, See infrared spectroscopy; vibrational motion

• anharmonicity

• anharmonicity constants, See anharmonicity

• anion, See electrochemical cell

• anodic current, See Butler−Volmer equation

• anomalous scattering, See Bijvoet method

• anomalous Zeeman effect, See Zeeman effect

• antibonding orbital, See also molecular orbital theory

• antiferromagnetic solid, See ferromagnetism

• anti-Stokes radiation, See Raman spectra

• antisymmetric

• Arrhenius acid, See acid

• Arrhenius base, See base

• Arrhenius equation, See rate constant

• Arrhenius parameters, See also activation energy

• artist’s colour wheel, See colour

• associated Laguerre polynomials, See hydrogenic atom

• associative multiplication, See group theory

• asymmetric rotor, See moment of inertia; rotor

• asymmetric unit

• asymmetry, See antisymmetric

• atmosphere (unit)

• atomic force microscopy, See scanning tunnelling microscopy

• atomic number

• atomic orbital, See also hydrogenic atom

• atomic structure

• atomic weight, See molar mass

• attractive and repulsive surface

• Aufbau principle, See building-up principle

• Auger effect

• Auger electron spectroscopy, See Auger effect

• autocatalysis

• autoprotolysis

• autoprotolysis constant, See autoprotolysis

• Avogadro’s principle, see gas laws

• Avogadro's constant

• Axelrod−Teller formula

• axis of symmetry

• azeotrope

• azimuth, See spherical polar coordinates

• azimuthal quantum number, See quantum number

• β radiation, See radioactivity

• Balmer series

• band gap, See band theory

• band theory

• bar

• barometric formula

• base

• base buffer, See buffer

• base dissociation constant, See basicity constant

• base ionization constant, See basicity constant

• basicity constant

• basis set

• Beer−Lambert law

• Beer’s law, See Beer−Lambert law

• bequerel, See radioactivity

• BET isotherm, See also adsorption isotherm

• Bijvoet method

• bimolecular reaction, See elementary reaction

• biochemical standard state, See standard state

• birefringence

• black-body radiation, See also ultraviolet catastrophe

• body centred lattice, See Bravais lattice

• body centred unit cell

• Bohr frequency condition

• Bohr magneton, See also magnetic moment; g factor

• Bohr radius, See also hydrogenic atom

• boiling temperature, See also vapour pressure

• Boltzmann distribution

• Boltzmann formula, See entropy

• Boltzmann's constant

• bomb calorimeter, See calorimeter

• bond dissociation energy

• bond dissociation enthalpy, See bond dissociation energy

• bond order

• bonding orbital, See also molecular orbital theory

• Born equation

• Born interpretation, See also wavefunction

• Born−Haber cycle

• Born−Mayer equation, See ionic bond

• Born−Oppenheimer approximation

• boson, See spin

• boundary conditions

• boundary surface

• Boyle's law, see gas laws

• Bragg method, See Bragg’s law

• Bragg's law

• branch, See also infrared spectroscopy; Raman spectra

• Bravais lattice

• Bremsstrahlung

• Brønsted acid, See acid

• Brønsted base, See base

• Brunauer−Emmett −Teller isotherm, See BET isotherm

• buffer solution

• building up principle

• buoyancy factor, See sedimentation

• Butler−Volmer equation

• caesium chloride structure, See also radius-ratio rule

• calorimeter

• calorimeter constant, See calorimeter

• canonical ensemble, See ensemble

• canonical partition function, See partition function

• capillary action

• Carnot cycle

• CARS

• catalyst

• cathodic current, See Butler−Volmer equation

• cathodic protection

• cation, See electrochemical cell

• ccp, See close-packed structure

• CD spectrum, See circular dichroism

• cell diagram, See cell reaction

• cell potential, See also Gibbs energy; Nernst equation

• cell reaction

• Celsius scale, See also Kelvin scale; temperature

• centre of inversion

• centrifugal distortion, See also rotational spectroscopy

• centrifugal distortion constant, See centrifugal distortion

• cesium, See caesium

• chain branching explosion, See explosion

• chain branching, See chain reaction

• chain carrier, See chain reaction

• chain polymerization, See polymerization kinetics

• chain reaction

• character, See also group theory

• character table, See character

• charge density

• Charles’s law, see gas laws

• chemical amount, See amount of substance

• chemical equilibrium, See equilibrium

• chemical exchange

• chemical potential, See also activity; partial molar quantity

• chemical shift, See also nuclear magnetic resonance

• chemically equivalent nuclei

• chemiluminescence

• chemisorption, See adsorption

• chiral molecule, See optical activity

• chirality

• cholesteric phase

• chromatography

• chromophore

• circular dichroism

• circularly birefringent, See birefringence

• circularly polarized, See polarized light

• Clapeyron equation

• class

• classical definition, See angular momentum

• classification of systems, See system and surroundings

• Clausius statement, See second law of thermodynamics

• Clausius−Clapeyron equation, See Clapeyron equation; vapour pressure

• Clausius−Mosotti equation

• Clebsch−Gordan series, See also jj-coupling; Russell−Saunders coupling

• closed shell, See shell

• close-packed structure

• CMC, See critical micelle concentration

• coefficient of performance, See efficiency

• coefficient of thermal conductivity, See thermal conduction

• coefficient of viscosity, See viscosity

• coexistence curve, See phase diagram

• coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, See CARS

• colatitude, See spherical polar coordinates

• colligative property, See also osmosis

• collision cross-section, See kinetic model of gases

• collision density, See collisions

• collision frequency, See collisions; mean free path

• collision theory

• collisional deactivation, See collisional lifetime

• collisional lifetime

• collisions

• colour

• colour wheel, See colour

• combination differences

• combination principle

• commutator, See also angular momentum; operator; orbital angular momentum

• competitive inhibition, See enzyme; inhibition

• complementarity, See uncertainty principle

• complementary colour, See colour

• complementary variables, See commutator

• component, See angular momentum; phase rule

• comproportionation reaction, See disproportionation reaction

• concentration cell, See electrochemical cell

• conductivity

• configuration

• configuration of atom, See atomic structure

• conformational entropy, See elastomer

• conjugate acid, See acid

• conjugate base, See acid; base

• conjugated polyene, See FEMO

• consolute temperature

• constant pressure calorimeter, See calorimeter

• constant pressure heat capacity, See heat capacity

• constant volume heat capacity, See heat capacity

• constituent, See phase rule

• constructive interference, See interference

• contact angle, See capillary action

• contact interaction

• conventional temperature

• cooling curve

• coordinate−covalent bond, See covalent bond

• correlation analysis

• correlation diagram

• correlation spectroscopy

• correspondence principle

• COSY, See correlation spectroscopy; two-dimensional NMR

• Coulomb potential

• Coulomb potential energy, See Coulomb potential; energy

• coupled angular momenta, See Clebsch−Gordan series

• covalent bond

• critical isotherm

• critical micelle concentration

• critical molar volume, see critical point

• critical point

• critical pressure, see critical point

• critical temperature, see critical point

• cross relation, See Marcus theory

• cross section, See scattering cross-section

• cryoscopic constant, See colligative property

• crystal field theory, See ligand field theory

• cubic close packed structure, See close-packed structure

• cubic lattice, See Bravais lattice

• Curie law

• Curie temperature, See Curie law

• Curie−Weiss law, See Curie law

• curie, See radioactivity

• current density, See overpotential

• cycle

• cyclic boundary condition, See boundary conditions

• cyclic voltammetry

• D lines

• d orbital, See atomic orbital

• d−d transition

• δ orbital

• δ scale, See chemical shift; nuclear magnetic resonance

• dalton, See molar mass

• Dalton's law, See partial pressure

• Daniell cell

• dative bond, See covalent bond

• Davis equation, See Debye−Hückel limiting law

• Davisson−Germer experiment

• de Broglie relation

• debye

• Debye equation, See Clausius−Mosotti equation; heat capacity

• Debye length, See Debye−Hückel limiting law

• Debye−Chapman model, See electric double layer

• Debye−Hückel limiting law

• Debye−Hückel−Onsager theory

• Debye−Scherrer method

• decomposition of a product, See character

• degeneracy

• degree of dissociation, See conductivity

• delocalization energy

• density functional theory

• density of states, See also Fermi−Dirac distribution

• dependence on pressure, See Gibbs energy; vapour pressure

• dependence on temperature, See Gibbs energy

• depolarization ratio

• depression of freezing point, See colligative property

• destructive interference, See interference

• dextrorotatory, See optical activity

• DFT, See density functional theory

• DHO theory, See Debye−Hückel−Onsager theory

• dialysis

• diamagnetic material, See magnetic susceptibility

• diamagnetism

• diathermic

• diathermic boundary, See system and surroundings

• diatomic molecules, See also molecular orbital theory

• dielectric constant, See permittivity; relative permittivity

• differential scattering cross-section, See scattering cross-section

• diffraction

• diffraction pattern, See diffraction

• diffusion

• diffusion coefficient and KMT, See diffusion

• diffusion coefficient, See diffusion

• diffusion equation, See diffusion

• diffusion-controlled reaction

• dihedral plane, See also mirror plane

• dimension of basis set, See basis set

• dipolar interaction, magnetic, See magnetic moment

• dipole field: electric, See electric dipole moment

• dipole−dipole interaction, See intermolecular forces

• dipole, See multipole

• direct and complex reactions

• direct method

• dislocation

• dispersion

• dispersion interaction, See intermolecular forces

• dispersity, See molar mass

• disproportionation reaction

• distortion polarization, See polarizability

• Donnan equilibrium

• Doppler broadening, See Doppler effect

• Doppler effect

• drift speed, See mobility; sedimentation

• duality

• Dulong and Petit’s law

• Ebullioscopic constant, See colligative property

• EELS

• effective mass, See also infrared spectroscopy; See normal mode

• effective nuclear charge, See shielding

• efficiency

• efficiency of heat engine, See Carnot cycle

• effusion

• Ehrenfest classification

• eigenfunction and eigenvalue, See also quantum mechanics

• eigenstate, See eigenfunction and eigenvalue

• einstein

• Einstein coefficient

• Einstein equation, See heat capacity

• Einstein relation, See mobility

• Einstein−Smolokowski equation, See diffusion

• elastic collision, See also kinetic model of gases

• elastomer

• electric conductivity, See conductivity

• electric constant, See permittivity

• electric dipole moment

• electric dipole transition

• electric double layer

• electric field of dipole, See electric dipole moment

• electrical conduction

• electrocapillarity

• electrochemical cell

• electrochemical potential

• electrochemical series

• electrode

• electrode potential, See cell potential

• electrodialysis, See dialysis

• electrokinetic potential

• electrolyte

• electrolytic cell, See electrochemical cell

• electromagnetic field

• electron affinity

• electron configuration, See atomic structure; configuration

• electron diffraction, See also Davisson−Germer experiment

• electron gain enthalpy

• electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, See ESCA, photoelectron spectroscopy

• electronegativity, See also electric dipole moment

• electronic energy loss spectroscopy, See EELS

• electronic polarization, See polarizability

• electronvolt

• electrophoresis

• electrophoretic effect, See Debye−Hückel−Onsager theory

• electropositive

• elementary reaction

• elevation of boiling point, See colligative property

• Eley−Rideal mechanism, See catalyst

• elliptically polarized, See polarized light

• eluent, See chromatography

• enantiomeric pair, See chirality

• end point, See also acid−base indicator

• endenthalpic process, See enthalpy

• endenthalpic reaction, See enthalpy of reaction

• endoergic compound, See Gibbs energy of formation

• endothermic process, See enthalpy

• energy

• energy density, See ultraviolet catastrophe

• energy levels, See harmonic oscillator

• energy pooling

• energy−time uncertainty, See uncertainty principle

• ensemble

• enthalpy

• enthalpy of activation, See activation parameters

• enthalpy of formation

• enthalpy of ionization, See ionization energy

• enthalpy of mixing, See ideal solution

• enthalpy of reaction

• enthalpy of transition

• entropy, See also harmonic oscillator; Sackur−Tetrode equation

• entropy of activation, See activation parameters

• entropy of mixing, See ideal solution

• entropy of reaction

• entropy of transition

• entropy statement, See second law of thermodynamics

• enzyme

• equal a priori probabilities

• equation of state

• equilibrium

• equilibrium conditions, See chemical potential

• equilibrium constant, See also Gibbs energy of reaction; Nernst equation; reaction quotient

• equilibrium constant and rate constant, See rate constant

• equipartition theorem

• ESCA, See also photoelectron spectroscopy

• eutectic

• eutectic halt, See eutectic

• excess function

• exchange current density, See Butler−Volmer equation

• exchange−correlation potential, See density functional theory

• excimer

• exciplex, See excimer

• exclusion rule, See normal mode; Raman spectra

• exenthalpic process, See enthalpy

• exenthalpic reaction, See enthalpy of reaction

• exoergic compound, See Gibbs energy of formation

• exothermic process, See enthalpy

• expansion coefficient, See heat capacity

• expansion of a perfect gas, See adiabatic

• expansion work, See work

• expectation value, See also wavefunction

• explosion

• exponential decay

• extensive property, See also intensive property

• extent of reaction, See also affinity of reaction

• extinction coefficient, See Beer−Lambert law

• f orbital, See also atomic orbital

• f-function

• face centred lattice, See Bravais lattice

• Fahrenheit scale, See Celsius scale; Kelvin scale; temperature

• Faraday’s constant

• fcc, See close-packed structure

• FEMO

• Fermi contact interaction, See contact interaction

• Fermi energy, See Fermi−Dirac distribution

• Fermi level, See band theory; Fermi−Dirac distribution

• Fermi−Dirac distribution, See also band theory

• fermion, See also spin

• ferrimagnetic solid, See ferromagnetism

• ferromagnetism, See also Curie law

• Fick’s first law, See diffusion

• Fick’s second law, See diffusion

• FID, See Fourier transform

• figure axis

• fine structure, See also nuclear magnetic resonance

• fine-structure constant

• fingerprint region, See infrared spectroscopy

• first law of thermodynamics

• first order transition, See Ehrenfest classification

• first-order reaction, See also order of reaction

• fissile, See fission and fusion

• fission and fusion

• fissionable, See fission and fusion

• flash desorption spectroscopy

• Florey theta temperature

• fluorescence

• flux, See diffusion

• forbidden transition, See transition dipole moment

• force constant, See also harmonic oscillator; vibrational motion

• formula weight, See molar mass

• Fourier synthesis

• Fourier transform

• fractional coverage, See adsorption isotherm

• fractional distillation, See also azeotrope; theoretical plate

• Franck−Condon factor, See Franck−Condon principle

• Franck−Condon principle

• free electron molecular orbital, See FEMO

• free energy, See Gibbs energy

• free induction decay, See Fourier transform

• freezing temperature, See melting point

• frequency factor, See Arrhenius parameters

• frictional coefficient, See diffusion; mobility; sedimentation

• frontier orbitals

• fuel cell, See electrochemical cell

• fugacity

• fugacity coefficient, See fugacity

• functional, See density functional theory

• fundamental commutation relation, See commutator

• fundamental equation

• fundamental equation of chemical thermodynamics, See fundamental equation

• g and u

• g factor

• g value, See magnetic moment

• γ

• γ radiation, See radioactivity

• Galvani potential difference

• galvanic cell, See electrochemical cell

• gas constant, See also Boltzmann’s constant

• gas electrode, See electrode

• gas laws

• Gaussian function

• generalized diffusion equation, See diffusion

• gerade, See g and u

• Gibbs energy, See also equilibrium; mechanical equilibrium

• Gibbs energy of activation, See activation parameters

• Gibbs energy of formation

• Gibbs energy of mixing, See ideal solution

• Gibbs energy of reaction

• Gibbs free energy, See Gibbs energy

• Gibbs isotherm, See Gibbs surface tension equation

• Gibbs phase rule, See phase rule

• Gibbs surface tension equation

• Gibbs−Duhem equation; See also chemical potential; partial molar quantity

• Gibbs−Duhem−Margules equation, See Gibbs−Duhem equation

• Gibbs−Helmholtz equation, See also Gibbs energy

• glancing angle, See Bragg’s law

• glory scattering

• Graham's law, See effusion

• grand canonical ensemble, See ensemble

• gravitational potential energy, See energy

• gray, See radioactivity

• gross selection rule, See selection rule

• Grotrian diagram

• Grotthuss mechanism

• ground state

• group property, See group theory

• group theory

• gyromagnetic ratio, See magnetic moment; g factor

• half life, See exponential decay; rate constant ; second law of thermodynamics

• half-life of radioactive decay, See radioactivity

• half-reaction

• Hamiltonian operator

• hard acid, See acid

• hard base, See acid; base

• hard-sphere potential

• harmonic motion, See force constant; vibrational motion

• harmonic oscillator

• Harned cell

• harpoon mechanism

• Hartree−Fock method, See self-consistent field method

• hcp, See close-packed structure

• heat

• heat capacity, See also Dulong and Petit’s law; harmonic oscillator; internal energy

• heat capacity ratio, See γ; adiabatic

• heat engine, See also Carnot cycle

• heat engine efficiency, See efficiency

• Heisenberg uncertainty principle, See uncertainty principle

• helicity, See photon

• helium phase diagram, See superfluid

• Helmholtz energy, See also equilibrium; mechanical equilibrium

• Helmholtz model, See electric double layer

• Henderson−Hasselbalch equation, See pH

• Henry's law, See ideal−dilute solution

• Herman−Mauguin system

• Hermite polynomial, See harmonic oscillator

• Hermitian operator, See operator

• Hess’s law, See enthalpy of reaction

• heterogeneous catalyst, See catalyst

• hexagonal lattice, See Bravais lattice

• hexagonally close packed, See close-packed structure

• HF-SCF, See self-consistent field method

• hidden symmetry, See degeneracy

• high overpotential limit, See Butler−Volmer equation

• high performance liquid chromatography, See chromatography

• high-boiling azeotrope, See azeotrope

• high-spin complex, See ligand field theory

• Hohenberg−Kohn theorem, See density functional theory

• HOMO, See frontier orbitals

• homogeneous catalyst, See catalyst

• Hooke’s law, See harmonic oscillator

• horizontal mirror plane, See mirror plane

• HPLC, See chromatography

• Hückel approximation

• Hund’s rule

• hybrid band, See band theory

• hybridization

• hydrodynamic radius, See diffusion

• hydrogen bond

• hydrogen molecule and molecule-ion

• hydrogenic atom

• hydrogenic atomic orbital, See hydrogenic atom

• hyperfine structure

• ideal gas, See perfect gas

• ideal solubility, See solubility

• ideal solution

• ideal−dilute solution

• identity operation

• impact parameter

• improper rotation axis

• incomplete differential, See inexact differential

• incongruent melting

• indexing of reflections

• indicator solution, See moving boundary method

• induced fit model, See enzyme

• induced nuclear fission, See fission and fusion

• induced-dipole−induced-dipole interaction, See intermolecular forces

• inelastic neutron scattering, See neutron diffraction

• inexact differential

• infrared active, See infrared spectroscopy; normal mode

• infrared chemiluminescence, See chemiluminescence

• infrared spectroscopy

• inhibition, See also chain reaction; enzyme

• inhomogeneous broadening

• initial condition, See boundary conditions

• initiation, See chain reaction

• insulator, See band theory; electrical conduction

• integral, vanishing of, See character

• integrated absorption coefficient, See absorption

• integrated rate law, See rate law; second-order reaction

• integrating factor, See inexact differential

• intensive property, See also extensive property

• interference

• intermolecular forces

• internal conversion

• internal energy, See also harmonic oscillator

• international system, groups, See Herman−Mauguin system

• intersystem crossing, See also phosphorescence

• intrinsic viscosity, See viscosity

• inverse Fourier transform, See Fourier transform

• inversion temperature, See Joule−Thomson effect

• ion−dipole interaction, See intermolecular forces

• ion−ion interaction, See intermolecular forces

• ionic atmosphere, See Debye−Hückel limiting law

• ionic bond

• ionic conductivity, See conductivity

• ionic mobility, See mobility

• ionic strength, See also Debye−Hückel limiting law

• ionization energy

• irreducible representation, See representation (group theory)

• irrep, See representation (group theory)

• ISC, See intersystem crossing

• isenthalpic process

• isobaric expansion coefficient, See heat capacity

• isobaric heat capacity, See heat capacity

• isobaric process

• isochoric heat capacity, See heat capacity

• isochoric process

• isodensity surface, See boundary surface

• isoelectric point

• isoenthalpic process, See enthalpy

• isolation method

• isomorphous replacement

• isopleth

• isosteric process

• isotherm, See isothermal process

• isothermal compressibility, See heat capacity

• isothermal Joule−Thomson coefficient, See Joule−Thomson effect

• isothermal process

• Jablonski diagram

• jj- coupling

• Joule−Thomson coefficient, See Joule−Thomson effect

• Joule−Thomson effect

• junction potential, See electrochemical cell

• Karplus equation

• Kelvin equation, See also vapour pressure

• Kelvin scale, See also temperature

• Kelvin statement, See second law of thermodynamics

• kinetic chain length

• kinetic energy, See also energy

• kinetic energy and curvature, See wavefunction

• kinetic isotope effect

• kinetic model of gases

• kinetic salt effect

• kinetic theory and viscosity, See viscosity

• kinetic theory of gases, See kinetic model of gases; perfect gas

• Kirchhoff's law, See enthalpy of reaction

• KMT, See kinetic model of gases

• Kohlrausch’s law, See conductivity

• Kohn−Sham equation, See density functional theory

• Koopmans’ theorem

• Krafft temperature, See critical micelle concentration

• laevorotatory, See optical activity

• Lamb formula

• lambda transition

• Landé g-factor, See magnetic moment

• Langevin function

• Langmuir isotherm, See adsorption isotherm

• Langmuir−Blodgett film

• Langmuir−Hinshelwood mechanism, See catalyst

• Laplacian, See spherical polar coordinates

• Laporte selection rule

• lapse rate, See barometric formula

• Larmor frequency, See also precession

• laser

• laser radiation, see laser

• lattice energy, See ionic bond

• lattice enthalpy, See also Born−Haber cycle

• law of radioactive decay, See radioactivity

• law of the independent migration of ions, See conductivity

• LCAO procedure, See molecular orbital theory

• LCAO, See linear combination of atomic orbitals; superposition

• Le Chatelier’s principle

• leading solution, See moving boundary method

• LEED, See electron diffraction

• Legendrian operator, See spherical harmonics; spherical polar coordinates

• Lennard Jones potential

• level

• lever rule

• Lewis acid, See acid

• Lewis base, See base

• LFER, See correlation analysis

• lifetime broadening

• ligand field theory

• limiting current density, See polarization (of electrode)

• limiting law

• limiting molar conductivity, See conductivity

• limiting transport number, See transport number

• line width, See Doppler effect

• linear combination of atomic orbitals

• linear free energy relation, See correlation analysis

• linear momentum, See also translational motion

• linear operator, See operator

• linear rotor, See also moment of inertia; rotation; rotor

• linear superposition

• linearly birefringent, See birefringence

• Lineweaver−Burk plot, See inhibition; Michaelis−Menten mechanism

• Lippman equation, See electrocapillarity

• liquid crystal

• liquid junction potential

• lock and key model, See enzyme

• London interaction, See intermolecular forces

• longitudinal relaxation time, See relaxation

• Lorentzian line

• low energy electron diffraction, See electron diffraction

• low overpotential limit, See Butler−Volmer equation

• low-boiling azeotrope, See azeotrope

• lower consolute temperature, See consolute temperature

• lower critical solution temperature, See consolute temperature

• lower explosion limit, See explosion

• lowering of vapour pressure, See colligative property

• low-spin complex, See ligand field theory

• LUMO, See frontier orbitals

• Lyman series

• macromolecule configuration, See configuration

• Madelung constant, See ionic bond

• magic angle spinning

• magnetic constant, See permeability

• magnetic moment

• magnetic quantum number, See atomic orbital; quantum number

• magnetic resonance, See resonance

• magnetic scattering, See neutron diffraction

• magnetic shielding, See shielding

• magnetic susceptibility, See also permeability

• magnetically equivalent nuclei, See chemically equivalent nuclei

• magnetizability, See magnetic susceptibility

• magnetogyric ratio, See g factor; magnetic moment

• magneton, See g factor

• magnitude, See angular momentum

• Marcus theory

• Margules equations, See excess function

• Mark−Houwink equation, See viscosity

• MAS, See magic angle spinning

• mass-average molar mass, See molar mass; sedimentation

• material balance equation, See diffusion

• matrix representation, See group theory

• matrix representative, See group theory

• maximum multiplicity rule, See Hund’s rule

• maximum nonexpansion work, See mechanical equilibrium

• maximum turnover number, See Michaelis−Menten mechanism

• maximum velocity, enzyme, See Michaelis−Menten mechanism

• maximum work, See equilibrium; Helmholtz energy; mechanical equilibrium; work

• Maxwell construction

• Maxwell distribution

• Maxwell relations

• Maxwell−Boltzmann distribution, See Maxwell distribution

• mean activity coefficient, See also Debye−Hückel limiting law

• mean bond enthalpy

• mean free path

• mean molecular speed, See kinetic model of gases

• mean radius (atomic orbital), See hydrogenic atom

• mean separation of the ends, See random walk

• mean speed, See Maxwell distribution

• mean square speed, See kinetic model of gases

• Mechanical equilibrium, See Equilibrium

• Mechanical equilibrium, See mechanical equilibrium

• melting point

• melting temperature, See melting point

• mesophase

• metal−insoluble salt electrode, See electrode

• metal/metal-ion electrode, See electrode

• metallic conductor, See band theory; electrical conduction

• metastable phase

• Meyer f-function, See f-function

• Michaelis constant, See Michaelis−Menten mechanism

• Michaelis−Menten equation, See enzyme

• Michaelis−Menten mechanism

• microcanonical ensemble, See ensemble

• microwave spectroscopy, See rotational spectroscopy

• Miller indices

• millimetre of mercury, See mmHg

• mirror plane

• mixed inhibition, See inhibition

• mmHg

• MO theory, See molecular orbital theory

• mobile phase, See chromatography

• mobility, See also conductivity

• molality

• molar absorption coefficient, See Beer−Lambert law

• molar concentration

• molar conductivity, See conductivity; mobility

• molar magnetic susceptibility, See magnetic susceptibility

• molar mass

• molar partition function, See partition function

• molar quantity

• molarity, See molar concentration

• mole

• mole fraction

• molecular beam

• molecular nature of work, See work

• molecular orbital energy level diagram, See molecular orbital theory

• molecular orbital theory

• molecular orbital, See molecular orbital theory

• molecular partition function, See partition function

• molecular potential energy curve

• molecular potential energy surface, See molecular potential energy curve

• molecular reaction dynamics

• molecular solid

• molecular weight, See molar mass

• moment of inertia, See also angular momentum

• momentum representation, See operator

• momentum, See translational motion

• monoclinic lattice, See Bravais lattice

• monolayer

• monopole, See multipole

• Monte Carlo method

• Morse oscillator, See anharmonicity; Morse potential

• Morse potential, See also anharmonicity

• most probable speed, See Maxwell distribution

• moving boundary method

• Mulliken scale, See electronegativity

• multiplicity

• multipole

• natural line width, See lifetime broadening

• neighbouring group contribution

• nematic phase

• Nernst diffusion layer, See also polarization (of electrode)

• Nernst equation, See also cell potential; half-reaction

• Nernst heat theorem

• neutron diffraction

• Newtonian flow, See also viscosity

• Newton's law of cooling

• n-fold axis, See axis of symmetry

• NMR, See nuclear magnetic resonance

• nodal plane, See node

• node

• NOE, See nuclear Overhauser effect

• nonbonding orbital, See also molecular orbital theory

• noncompetitive inhibition, See enzyme; inhibition

• noncrossing rule, See correlation diagram

• nonexpansion work, See equilibrium; Gibbs energy; work

• nonpolarizable electrode, See Butler−Volmer equation

• normal boiling point, See boiling temperature; vapour pressure

• normal melting temperature, See melting point

• normal mode, See also infrared spectroscopy

• normal Zeeman effect, See Zeeman effect

• normalization, See also wavefunction

• nuclear fission, See fission and fusion

• nuclear fusion, See fission and fusion

• nuclear g-value, See magnetic moment

• nuclear magnetic resonance

• nuclear magnetogyric ratio, See nucleus

• nuclear magneton, See magnetic moment; g factor; nucleus

• nuclear model, See atomic structure

• nuclear Overhauser effect

• nuclear quadrupole, See quadrupole

• nuclear spin quantum number, See nucleus

• nuclear spin quantum, See quantum number

• nuclear statistics

• nucleation

• nucleus

• number average molar mass, See molar mass

• number of moles, See amount of substance

• O branch, See branch

• oblate and prolate

• observable, See quantum mechanics

• Ohmic electrode, See Butler−Volmer equation

• Ohm's law

• operator

• optical activity

• optical density, See Beer−Lambert law

• optically active, See birefringence; chirality

• orbital

• orbital angular momentum

• orbital angular momentum quantum number, See atomic orbital; quantum number

• order of reaction

• orientation distortion, See polarizability

• orthogonality

• orthogonality theorem, See character

• ortho-hydrogen, See nuclear statistics

• ortho-positronium, See positronium

• orthorhombic lattice, See Bravais lattice

• oscillator strength

• osmometry, See osmosis

• osmosis

• osmotic activity coefficient, See osmosis

• osmotic pressure equation, See van ’t Hoff equation

• osmotic virial coefficient, See osmosis

• Ostwald dilution law, See conductivity

• overall order, See order of reaction

• overall quantum yield, See quantum yield

• overlap integral

• overpotential, See also Butler−Volmer equation

• overtone

• ox/red couple, See reduction

• oxidant, See redox reaction

• oxidation

• oxidation potential, See also standard potential

• oxidizing agent, See also redox reaction

• p band, See also band theory

• P branch, See also branch

• p orbital, See also atomic orbital

• π orbital and π bond

• PAGE, See electrophoresis

• paired spins

• parabolic potential energy, See also force constant; harmonic oscillator; vibrational motion

• para-hydrogen, See nuclear statistics

• parallel band

• paramagnetic material, See magnetic susceptibility

• paramagnetism, See also Curie law

• para-positronium, See positronium

• parity, See also g and u

• partial miscibility

• partial molar property

• partial pressure

• particle in a box

• partition function, See also harmonic oscillator; See Sackur−Tetrode equation; two-level system

• pascal

• Pascal's triangle

• Paschen series

• passivation

• Patterson synthesis

• Pauli exclusion principle

• Pauli principle, See also antisymmetric; nuclear statistics

• Pauling scale, See electronegativity

• pendulum, See vibrational motion

• penetration

• perfect elastomer, See elastomer

• perfect gas, See also Gibbs energy

• perfect gas equation of state, See equation of state; gas laws

• permeability

• permittivity

• perpendicular branch

• PES, See photoelectron spectroscopy

• pH

• phase boundary, See phase diagram

• phase diagram

• phase problem

• phase rule

• phosphorescence

• photoelectric effect

• photoelectric work function, See photoelectric effect

• photoelectron spectroscopy

• photolysis, See chain reaction

• photon, See also electromagnetic field

• physisorption, See adsorption

• PIB, See particle in a box

• plait point

• Planck distribution, See black-body radiation

• Planck's constant, See also black-body radiation

• plane polarized, See polarized light

• point group, See group theory

• point multipole, See multipole

• poise, See viscosity

• Poiseuille formula

• Poisson equation

• Poisson’s ratio, See Young’s modulus

• polar molecule, See also electric dipole moment

• polarizability

• polarizability volume, See polarizability

• polarizable electrode, See Butler−Volmer equation

• polarization (of electrode)

• polarization mechanism

• polarization overpotential, See polarization (of electrode)

• polarized light

• polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, See electrophoresis

• polymerization kinetics

• polytype, See close-packed structure

• position representation, See operator

• positronium

• potential energy surface

• potential energy, See energy

• powder method

• power

• precession

• predissociation

• pre-equilibrium

• pressure

• primary cell, See electrochemical cell

• primary kinetic isotope effect, See kinetic isotope effect

• primary quantum yield, See quantum yield

• primitive lattice, See Bravais lattice

• principal axis

• principal quantum number, See also atomic orbital; quantum number

• probability amplitude, See Born interpretation

• probability density, See Born interpretation

• projection operator, See character

• prolate, See oblate and prolate

• promotion

• propagation, See chain reaction

• proton conduction, See Grotthuss mechanism

• proton decoupling

• PS, See photoelectron spectroscopy

• pseudofirst-order reaction, See order of reaction

• pseudozeroth-order reaction, See zeroth-order

• pVT surface

• Q branch, See branch

• quadratic contribution, See equipartition theorem

• quadrupole, See also multipole

• quadrupole moment, See quadrupole

• quantization

• quantum mechanics, See also angular momentum

• quantum number

• quantum yield

• quenching

• R branch, See branch

• rad, See radioactivity

• radial distribution function

• radial node, See node

• radial wavefunction, See atomic orbital; hydrogenic atom

• radiationless decay

• radiative decay, See radiationless decay

• radical chain reaction, See chain reaction

• radioactive decay constant, See radioactivity

• radioactivity, See also nucleus

• radius of gyration

• radius of shear, See electrokinetic potential

• radius, See spherical polar coordinates

• radius-ratio rule

• rainbow scattering

• Raman active, See normal mode

• Raman effect, See Raman spectra

• Raman spectra, See also depolarization ratio

• random coil, See random walk

• random walk

• Rankine scale, See temperature

• Raoult’s law, See ideal solution; ideal−dilute solution; vapour pressure

• rate constant, See also RRK theory; van ’t Hoff equation

• rate determining step

• rate law

• Rayleigh−Jeans law, See ultraviolet catastrophe

• reaction coordinate

• reaction enthalpy, See enthalpy of reaction

• reaction Gibbs energy, See extent of reaction

• reaction intermediate

• reaction order, See order of reaction

• reaction quotient, See also Gibbs energy of reaction

• reaction rate

• redox couple, See half-reaction; reduction

• redox electrode, See electrode

• redox reaction

• reduced mass, See also effective mass

• reduced Planck's constant, See Planck’s constant

• reduced variables

• reducible representation, See representation (group theory)

• reducing agent, See redox reaction

• reductant, See redox reaction

• reduction

• reduction potential, See standard potential

• reference state, See also enthalpy of formation; Gibbs energy of formation

• refinement

• refractive index

• refrigerator, See efficiency

• regions, See electromagnetic field

• regular solution, See excess function; ideal solution

• relative mean speed, See kinetic model of gases

• relative permittivity, See also permittivity

• relaxation

• relaxation effect, See Debye−Hückel−Onsager theory

• relaxation time, See relaxation

• representation (group theory)

• representation of operators, See operator

• representation, See group theory

• representative, See group theory

• repulsion, See intermolecular forces

• repulsive interaction

• residual entropy

• residual orientational disorder, See residual entropy

• resonance

• resonance fluorescence, See fluorescence

• resonance hybrid, See superposition

• resonance Raman spectra, See Raman spectroscopy

• retardation, See chain reaction

• reversible process

• reversible work, See equilibrium

• rheological properties, See viscosity

• Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel theory, See RRK theory

• Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus theory, See RRK theory

• rigid rotor, See moment of inertia; rotor

• rock-salt structure, See also radius-ratio rule

• root mean square separation of the ends, See random walk

• root mean square speed, See kinetic model of gases

• root mean square speed, See Maxwell distribution

• rotation

• rotational constant, See rotation

• rotational energy, See moment of inertia

• rotational quantum number, See quantum number

• rotational spectroscopy

• rotational temperature

• rotor

• RRK theory

• RRKM theory, See RRK theory

• Russell−Saunders coupling

• s band, See band theory

• S branch, See branch

• s orbital, See also atomic orbital

• σ orbital and σ bond

• Sackur−Tetrode equation

• SALC, See symmetry adapted linear combination

• salt bridge, See electrochemical cell; liquid junction potential

• salting-out and salting-in effects

• SATP, See standard ambient temperature and pressure

• saturated solution, See solubility

• scanning tunnelling microscopy

• scattering cross-section

• scattering factor

• SCF method, See self-consistent field method

• Schoenflies system

• Schrödinger equation, See also Hamiltonian operator; harmonic oscillator; vibrational motion

• screw dislocation, see dislocation

• second law of thermodynamics, See also entropy

• second order transition, See Ehrenfest classification

• second radiation constant, See black-body radiation

• secondary cell, See electrochemical cell

• secondary kinetic isotope effect, See kinetic isotope effect

• second-order reaction, See also order of reaction

• secular determinant

• sedimentation

• sedimentation constant, See sedimentation

• selection rule, See also character; Raman spectra

• self-consistent field method

• semiconductor, See band theory; electrical conduction

• semi-empirical method, See also ab initio methods

• separation of variables

• shell, See also hydrogenic atom

• shielded Coulomb potential, See Coulomb potential; Debye−Hückel limiting law

• shielding

• shielding length, See Debye−Hückel limiting law

• Shultze−Hardy rule

• singlet and triplet states

• singlet term, See multiplicity

• singlet to triplet transition, See intersystem crossing

• smectic phase

• soft acid, See acid

• soft base, See acid; base

• solids, See heat capacity

• solubility

• solubility constant

• solubility product constant, See solubility constant

• solubility product, See solubility constant

• space group, See group theory

• space quantization, See also quantization

• specific reaction rate, See reaction rate

• specific selection rule, selection rule

• spectral density, See black-body radiation

• speed of light, See photon

• speed of sound, See γ

• sphalerite structure

• spherical harmonics, See also atomic; orbital angular momentum

• spherical polar coordinates

• spherical rotor, See moment of inertia; rotation; rotor

• spin

• spin correlation, See also Hund’s rule

• spin echo

• spin quantum number, See quantum number

• spin−lattice relaxation time, See relaxation

• spin−orbit coupling, See also phosphorescence

• spin−orbit coupling constant, See spin−orbit coupling

• spin−spin coupling, See also nuclear magnetic resonance

• spin−spin relaxation time, See relaxation

• spontaneous emission, See Einstein coefficient

• spontaneous nuclear fission, See fission and fusion

• spontaneous process, See also second law of thermodynamics

• standard ambient temperature and pressure

• standard boiling point, See black-body radiation

• standard cell potential, See cell potential

• standard Gibbs energy of reaction, See equilibrium constant

• standard hydrogen electrode, See electrode

• standard melting temperature, See melting point

• standard oxidation potential, See standard potential

• standard potential, See also cell potential

• standard state

• standard temperature and pressure, See standard ambient temperature and pressure

• Stark effect, See rotational spectroscopy

• Stark−Einstein law

• state function

• stationary phase, See chromatography

• statistical entropy, See entropy

• statistical thermodynamics

• steady-state approximation

• Stefan−Boltzmann constant, See black-body radiation

• Stefan−Boltzmann law, See black-body radiation

• stepwise polymerization, See polymerization kinetics

• Stern model, See electric double layer

• sticking probability

• stimulated absorption, See Einstein coefficient

• stimulated emission, See Einstein coefficient

• stimulated Raman effect, See Raman spectra

• Stirling's approximation

• STM, See scanning tunnelling microscopy

• stoichiometric coefficient and number

• stoichiometric point

• Stokes radiation, See Raman spectra

• Stokes−Einstein equation, See conductivity; diffusion; mobility

• Stokes’ law, See also diffusion; mobility; sedimentation

• stopped-flow technique

• STP, See standard ambient temperature and pressure

• strong acid, See acid

• strong base, See base

• strong electrolyte, See conductivity

• structure factor

• sublimation

• subshell, See also hydrogenic atom

• substrate, See adsorption

• superconductor, See electrical conduction

• supercritical fluid

• superfluid

• superposition, See also linear superposition

• surface collision frequency, See collisions

• surface excess, See Gibbs surface tension equation

• surface harmonics, See spherical harmonics

• surface pressure, See monolayer

• surface reconstruction

• surface tension

• surfactant, See Gibbs surface tension equation

• surroundings, See system and surroundings

• svedberg

• symmetric rotor, See moment of inertia; rotation; rotor

• symmetry adapted linear combination, See also character

• symmetry element, See symmetry operation and symmetry element

• symmetry number

• symmetry operation and symmetry element

• symmetry species

• synchrotron radiation

• system and surroundings

• systematic absence

• θ solution, See Florey theta temperature

• θ temperature, See Florey theta temperature

• Tafel plot, See Butler−Volmer equation

• temperature

• temperature dependence of K, See equilibrium constant

• temperature dependence, See rate constant

• temperature independent paramagnetism, See diamagnetism; paramagnetism

• temperature, See zeroth law

• temperature, thermodynamic definition, See internal energy

• temperature-jump technique

• term, See also combination principle

• term symbol, See term

• termination, See chain reaction

• theoretical plate, See fractional distillation

• thermal conduction

• thermal equilibrium, See equilibrium; mechanical equilibrium

• thermal explosion, See explosion

• thermal motion, See heat

• thermal wavelength

• thermochemistry

• thermodynamic entropy, See entropy

• thermodynamic equation of state, See equation of state

• thermodynamic force

• thermodynamic limit, See ensemble

• thermodynamic properties, See harmonic oscillator

• thermodynamics

• thermolysis, See chain reaction

• thin layer chromatography, See chromatography

• third law of thermodynamics, See also entropy

• tie line

• time constant, See exponential decay

• time-dependent Schrödinger equation, See Schrödinger equation

• time-independent Schrödinger equation, See Schrödinger equation

• TIP, See diamagnetism; paramagnetism

• torr, See also mmHg

• total angular momentum quantum number, See quantum number

• total energy, See energy

• transfer coefficient, See Butler−Volmer equation

• transition dipole moment, See also electric dipole transition; FEMO; harmonic oscillator; particle in a box

• translational motion

• transmittance, See Beer−Lambert law

• transmutation, See nucleus

• transport number, See also moving boundary method

• transport property

• transverse relaxation time, See relaxation

• trial wavefunction, See variation principle

• triangle rule, See Clebsch−Gordan series

• triangular phase diagram

• triclinic lattice, See Bravais lattice

• triple point, See phase diagram

• triplet state, See singlet and triplet states

• triplet term, See multiplicity

• Trouton's rule

• tunnelling, See also scanning tunnelling microscopy

• tunnelling probability, See tunnelling

• two-dimensional NMR

• two-level system

• ultracentrifuge, See also sedimentation

• ultraviolet catastrophe

• uncertainty broadening, See lifetime broadening

• uncertainty principle

• uncompetitive inhibition, See inhibition

• ungerade, See g and u

• unimolecular reaction, See elementary reaction

• unit cell

• universal reaction rate, See reaction rate

• upper consolute temperature, See consolute temperature

• upper critical solution temperature, See consolute temperature

• upper explosion limit, See explosion

• UV-PES, See photoelectron spectroscopy

• valence bond theory, See also resonance

• valence electron

• valence orbitals, See valence electron

• van ’t Hoff equation, See also equilibrium constant; osmosis

• van de Waals critical isotherm, see critical point

• van der Waals equation, See also equation of state

• van der Waals forces

• van der Waals interaction, See intermolecular forces

• van der Waals loops, See also Maxwell construction

• vapour pressure, See also ideal solution

• vapour pressure and composition, See Gibbs−Duhem equation

• vapour pressure of mixture, See excess function

• variance, See phase rule

• variation principle

• VB theory, See valence bond theory

• vector model, See also singlet and triplet states

• vector representation, See angular momentum

• vertical mirror plane, See mirror plane

• vertical transition, See also Franck−Condon principle

• vibrational motion

• vibrational quantum number, See quantum number

• vibrational temperature

• vibronic transition, See d−d transition

• virial coefficients, See equation of state

• virial equation of state, See equation of state

• virial theorem

• virtual orbital

• virtual transition

• viscosity

• voltaic cell, See electrochemical cell

• volume element, See spherical polar coordinates

• volume magnetic susceptibility, See magnetic susceptibility

• volume of unit cell, See unit cell

• Walden’s rule

• water autoprotolysis, See autoprotolysis

• wavefunction, See also quantum mechanics; translational motion; harmonic oscillator

• wavelength

• wavelength and momentum, See de Broglie relation

• wavenumber

• weak acid, See acid

• weak base, See base

• weak electrolyte, See conductivity

• weight of configuration, See entropy

• weight-average molar mass, See molar mass; sedimentation

• Wien’s displacement law, See black-body radiation

• Wierl equation, See electron diffraction

• work

• work function, See photoelectric effect

• XPS, See photoelectron spectroscopy

• X-ray crystallography, See Fourier synthesis; X-ray diffraction

• X-ray diffraction, See also Bragg’s law; Debye−Scherrer method

• X-ray fluorescence, See Auger effect; fluorescence

• Young's modulus

• Z-average molar mass, See molar mass

• Zeeman effect

• zero-current cell potential, See cell potential

• zero-point energy; See harmonic oscillator

• zeroth law

• zeroth-order reaction

• zeta potential, See electrokinetic potential

• zinc blende structure, See sphalerite structure

• zone levelling, See zone refining

• zone refining