Subject Index Free

Page numbers in italic refer to figures; in bold to tables

• AAS see atomic absorption spectrometry

• acid dissolution, sample preparation 16–18

  • hot block dissolutions/extractions 17, 21–22

  • hotplate dissolutions/extractions 17, 18–21

  • microwave oven dissolutions/extractions 17, 22

  • sulfuric acid wet ash process 22–24

• AFS see atomic fluorescence spectrometry

• agate, grinding samples 15

• air sampling, sample collection 1, 9–10

• alkaline extraction, sample preparation 29

• analyte preconcentration techniques 33–34

  • coprecipitation 34

  • liquid–liquid extraction 34–36

  • other methods 38–40

  • solid phase extraction 36–37

• analytical technique, choice of 184–186

• argon, use in ICP–OES 110, 113

• Atlantic Ocean, air sampling example 1

• atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)

  • analytical process 73–78

  • data analysis 100–103

  • electrothermal AAS 88–100

  • flame AAS 78–88

  • pipette calibration 76–78

  • standard solutions preparation 74–75, 75

• atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) 178–179

  • advantages and disadvantages 180, 180–181

  • data analysis 181–182

  • schematic diagram 179

  • vapour detection 179–182

• automation

  • sample preparation 13

  • water sampling 4

• cadmium, sample preparation 12

• calcium, sample preparation 15

• charge coupled device (CCD)/charge injection device (CID) detector systems 105

• cleaning regimes, water sampling 3

• cloud point extraction (CPE) 39

• collection containers, water sampling 3

• contamination

  • sample collection 2, 3, 4, 5

  • sample preparation 15

• coprecipitation, analyte preconcentration techniques 34

• CPE (cloud point extraction) 39

• data analysis

  • AAS 100–103

  • AFS 181–182

  • ICP–MS 155–156

  • ICP–OES 126–127

  • XRF 71–72

• dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) 38, 39

• dry ashing, sample preparation 28–29

• drying

  • sample collection 8

  • sample preparation 14–15

• electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) 88–89

  • advantages and disadvantages 89–93, 90

  • attributes and characteristics of technique 187

  • comparison with ICP–OES 108

  • hints and tips 93–100

• energy dispersive XRF spectrometry (EDXRF) 44–48, 45

• flame atomic absorption spectrometry (flame AAS) 78–79

  • advantages and disadvantages 79, 79–83

  • attributes and characteristics of technique 187

  • choice of analytical technique 184, 185

  • comparison with ICP–OES 106–107, 110

  • hints and tips 84–88

• fluxes, XRF spectrometry 57

• freeze-drying

  • sample collection 8

  • sample preparation 14–15

• fused glass disks, XRF spectrometry 55, 55–63

• fusion methods, sample preparation 25, 25–27

• grinding samples, agate 15

• hollow fibre–liquid phase microextraction (HF–LPME) 38–39

• hot block dissolutions/extractions 17, 21–22

• hotplate dissolutions/extractions 17, 18–21

• ICP–OES/ICP–AES see inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry

• inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) 128–131

  • advantages and disadvantages 131, 131–136

  • attributes and characteristics of technique 189–190

  • calibration 137

  • choice of analytical technique 186

  • data analysis 155–156

  • hints and tips 146–150

  • interference types 139, 140

  • internal standards 146–147

  • Pb (lead) 138

  • performance report templates 141

  • problems and errors 136–145

  • sample introduction 136

  • schematic diagram of quadrupole instrument 129

  • sector/multicollector instruments 152–155, 153

  • triple quadrupole/reaction cell instruments 150–152, 151

• inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) 104–106, 186

  • advantages and disadvantages 106, 106–111

  • attributes and characteristics of technique 188

  • calibration errors 111–113

  • calibration standards 123

  • choice of analytical technique 185

  • data analysis 126–127

  • hints and tips 119–125

  • internal standards 123–124

  • issues with organic solvents 117–119

  • nebulisers and spray chambers 121–123

  • operating conditions 120

  • performance assessment 115–116

  • physical errors 115

  • quality control 125–126

  • sample preparation 25, 39, 40

  • sample introduction errors 113–115

  • wash solutions 125

  • wavelength selection errors 116–117, 118

• industrial materials, sample collection 10–11

• inter-element interferences, XRF spectrometry 47

• interference types

  • AAS 99

  • ICP–MS 131, 134, 139, 140

  • XRF spectrometry 45–48, 46, 47, 47

• iron

  • ICP–MS 134

  • ICP–OES 107

• ISO accreditation schemes, ICP–OES 119

• ISO standards, microwave oven dissolutions/extractions 22

• labelling, sampling containers 4

• laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) 158–159

  • advantages and disadvantages 160, 160–165

  • attributes and characteristics of technique 190

  • calibration 161–162

  • choice of analytical technique 184–185, 186

  • hints and tips 165–167

  • portable instruments 191

• lead, ICP–MS 138

• liquid–liquid extraction, analyte preconcentration 34–36

• liquid samples, XRF spectrometry 48–49; see also water sampling

• magnesium, sample preparation 15

• manganese, ICP–MS 134

• matrix matching

  • ICP–MS 147

  • ICP–OES 119

• matrix removal techniques, sample preparation 38–40

• mercury, sample preparation 12

• microwave oven dissolutions/extractions 17, 22

• multicollector instruments, ICP–MS 152–155, 153

• nebulisers, ICP–OES 121–123

• nitric acid, acid dissolution 16–17, 22–23

• nitric acid stabilisation, water sampling 3

• organic solvents

  • ICP–MS 142–143

  • ICP–OES 117–119

• pipette calibration, atomic absorption spectrometry 76–78

• polyethylene terephthalate (PET) storage containers 3

• polyvinylchloride (PVC) storage containers 3

• portable instruments

  • LIBS 159, 163, 165, 191

  • XRF spectrometry 65–71, 66, 69, 189

• potassium, ICP–OES 111

• powders, XRF spectrometry 49, 49–51

• preservation prior to analysis 8–9

• pressed pellets, XRF spectrometry 51, 51–55

• reaction cell instruments, ICP–MS 150–152, 151

• regularity of sampling, water sampling example 2

• representative samples

  • air sampling 1

  • soils and sediments 7, 8, 9

• river water collection 3–4; see also water sampling

• safety equipment, sample preparation 15

• sample collection 1–2

  • air sampling 9–10

  • industrial materials 10–11

  • soils and sediments 2, 6–9

  • water sampling 1, 2–6

• sample introduction

  • ICP–MS 136

  • ICP–OES 113–115

  • see also vapour generation, for sample introduction

• sample preparation 12–13, 40–41

  • acid dissolution 16–25

  • alkaline extraction 29

  • analyte preconcentration techniques 33–40

  • coprecipitation 34

  • dry ashing 28–29

  • drying and sieving 14–16

  • flowchart 13

  • fusion methods 25, 25–27

  • hot block dissolutions/extractions 17, 21–22

  • hotplate dissolutions/extractions 17, 18–21

  • liquid–liquid extraction 34–36

  • matrix removal techniques 38–40

  • microwave oven dissolutions/extractions 17, 22

  • sintering 27–28

  • slurry preparation 29–31

  • solid phase extraction 36–37

  • speciation analysis 31–33

  • sulfuric acid wet ash process 22–24

• SDME (single drop microextraction) 38, 39

• sea water collection 5; see also water sampling

• sector instruments, ICP–MS 152–155, 153

• sediments see soils and sediments

• SFODME (solidified floating organic drop microextraction) 38, 39

• sieving, sample preparation 15–16

• silicon

  • contamination 15

  • sample preparation 12

• single drop microextraction (SDME) 38, 39

• sintering, sample preparation 27–28

• slurry, sample preparation 29–31

• snapshot water sampling 2, 5

• sodium, ICP–OES 111

• soils and sediments

  • sample collection 2, 6–9

  • sample preparation 12

• solid phase extraction, analyte preconcentration 36–37

• solid sampling, sample preparation 13; see also soils and sediments

• solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) 38, 39

• speciation analysis

  • ICP–MS 148–149

  • sample preparation 31–33

  • water sampling 3

• spray chambers, ICP–OES 121–123

• standard solutions, atomic absorption spectrometry 74–75, 75

• storage containers, water sampling 3

• sulfuric acid wet ash process 22–24

• Teledyne-ISCO automated samplers 4

• triple quadrupole ICP–MS 150–152, 151

• vapour generation, for sample introduction 169–170

  • advantages and disadvantages 170, 170–176

  • atomic fluorescence spectrometry 179–182

  • hints and tips 176–178

  • schematic diagrams 171, 174

• water sampling 1, 2–6

  • regularity of sampling 2

  • river water collection 3–4

  • sea water collection 5

• wavelength dispersive XRF spectrometry (WDXRF) 44–48, 45

• X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry 43–44, 44

  • attributes and characteristics of technique 188–189

  • calibration curves and analysis 63–65

  • ceramic crucibles 57

  • choice of analytical technique 184–185, 186

  • data analysis 71–72

  • filtered particles 63

  • fused glass disks 55, 55–63

  • interference types 45–48, 46, 47

  • liquid samples 48–49

  • loose powders 49, 49–51

  • platinum crucibles 56

  • portable instruments 65–71, 66, 69, 189

  • pressed pellets 51, 51–55

  • sample analysis 48–63

  • wavelength dispersive vs. energy dispersive 44–48, 45