Subject Index Free

Abbe refractometer, 41

Al₂O₃/Ga₂O₃, ternary germanate glasses containing, 30–31

alkali and pseudoalkali germanate glasses, formation of, 91

alkali borogermanate glasses, 159

alkali fluorogermanate glasses and melts, properties of

• density, 231–232

• electrical conductivity, 233–234

• glass transformation temperature, 234–235

• refractive index, 232

• thermal expansion coefficients, 232–233

alkali germanate glasses, 5–6

• “correct” model for, 24–26

• mathematical models of, 18–21

• properties of

  • density and molar volume, 91–94

  • elastic moduli, 104

  • electrical conductivity, 98–101

  • He diffusion and solubility, 103–104

  • internal friction and acoustic loss, 103

  • ionic diffusivity, 101–103

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 95–96

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 97–98

• spectral studies of, 16–18

alkali germanate melts, properties of

• electrical conductivities of melts, 112

• fragility index, 109–110

• glass stability, 107–108

• glass transformation temperature, 104–107

• melt densities and molar volumes, 111–112

• melt viscosity, 110–111

• transformation range viscosity, 108–109

• water diffusion in germanate melts, 112–113

alkali ions, 22

alkali Nb₂O₅/Ta₂O₅ germanate glasses, properties of

• density and molar volume, 204–205

• electrical conductivity, 207–208

• other properties, 208

• refractive index, 205–207

alkali Nb₂O₅/Ta₂O₅ germanate melts, properties of, 208–210

alkaline earth germanate glasses, 6

alkali oxides, binary germanate glasses containing

• “correct” model for alkali germanate glasses, 24–26

• germanate anomalies, 14–15, 21–23

• mathematical models of alkali germanate glasses, 18–21

• properties explained by the existing models, 23–24

• spectral studies of alkali germanate glasses, 16–18

anomalous X-ray scattering (AXS) study, 13

antimony bismuth germanate glasses and melts, properties of, 88

applications of glasses containing germania, 244–250

• current applications, 244

  • Bragg gratings in optical fibers, 246–247

  • fiber lasers, 246

  • optical fibers for communication, 245

• non-optical potential applications

  • radiation shielding, 249

  • sealing glasses, 249–250

• potential optical applications, 247

  • Faraday rotators, glasses for, 247–248

  • high GeO₂ concentration core optical fibers, 248–249

  • hollow core optical fibers, 249

Archimedes’ technique, 40

AXS study. See anomalous X-ray scattering (AXS) study

B₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, 12, 60, 61

BaF₂–BaO–Ga₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 241–242

BaO–Ga₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 199–201

Becke line method, 41

binary germanate glasses

• containing alkaline earth oxides, 26–29

• containing alkali oxides

  • alkali germanate glasses, mathematical models of, 18–21

  • alkali germanate glasses, spectral studies of, 16–18

  • “correct” model for alkali germanate glasses, 24–26

  • germanate anomalies, 14–15, 21–23

  • properties explained by the existing models, 23–24

• containing PbO, 29–30

• properties of, containing B₂O₃, SiO₂, or P₂O₅, 57

  • density, 58–61

  • elastic moduli, 65

  • electrical conductivity, 64–65

  • inert gas diffusion and solubility, 65–66

  • radiation compaction, 67–68

  • reactions with hydrogen, 66–67

  • refractive index, 61–63

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 63–64

binary melts properties containing B₂O₃, SiO₂, or P₂O₅

• germanium diffusion in silicogermanate melts, 71–72

• glass transformation temperature, 68–69

• melt density and expansion coefficient, 70–71

• melt viscosity, 70

• transformation range viscosity, 69–70

binary PbO and SnO germanate glasses, properties of

• density and molar volume, 145–146

• electrical conductivity, 148–149

• modulus, 149

• refractive index and molar refractivity, 146–147

• thermal expansion coefficient, 147–148

binary PbO–GeO₂ melts, properties of

• glass transformation temperature, 149–150

• melt viscosity, density, and volume expansion coefficient, 151

• transformation range viscosity, 150–151

binary pseudoglassformer germanate glasses, properties of

• density and molar volume, 77–78

• electrical conductivity, 81–82

• refractive index and molar refractivity, 78–80

• thermal expansion coefficient, 80–81

binary pseudoglassformer germanate melts, properties of

• glass transformation temperature, 82

• melt density, 83

• surface tension, 83

• viscosity, 82–83

binary rare earth germanate glasses, properties of, 215

• density, 215–216

• refractive index, 216–217

• thermal expansion coefficient and glass transformation temperature, 217–218

binary RO germanate glasses, properties of

• density and molar volume, 132–134

• dissolution in water, 136

• electrical conductivity, 136

• helium permeability, 136

• refractive index and molar refractivity, 134–135

• thermal expansion coefficients, 135–136

binary RO germanate melts, properties of

• crystallization, 139

• glass transformation temperature, 137–138

• viscosity, 138–139

borate anomaly, 1, 15

boron–oxygen triangles, 12

boroxol rings, 13

Bragg gratings in optical fibers, 246–247

bulk modulus, 220

calcium borogermanate glasses, 159

CaO–Al₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of

• density and molar volume, 197

• glass transformation temperature, 199

• refractive index, 197–198

• thermal expansion coefficient, 198–199

CCR. See critical cooling rate (CCR)

cladding glass, refractive index of, 245

communication optical fibers, 245

conditional glassformers, germanate glasses containing, 76

• formation of glasses containing pseudoglassformers, 76–77

• properties of antimony bismuth germanate glasses and melts, 88

• properties of binary pseudoglassformer germanate glasses

  • density and molar volume, 77–78

  • electrical conductivity, 81–82

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 78–80

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 80–81

• properties of binary pseudoglassformer germanate melts

  • glass transformation temperature, 82

  • melt density, 83

  • surface tension, 83

  • viscosity, 82–83

• properties of ternary pseudoglassformer germanate glasses

  • modifier pseudoglassformer germanate glasses, 84–87

  • modifier pseudoglassformer germanate melts, 87

critical cooling rate (CCR), 51–52

density and refractive index, 2

depolymerization, 5

differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), 48, 104, 137

differential thermal analysis (DTA), 48, 104, 137, 139

dilatometer, 48

discovery of germanate anomalies

• density and refractive index, 2

• elastic moduli and hardness, 3

• electrical conductivity and ionic diffusivity, 3–4

• glass transformation temperature, 3

• inert gas diffusivity, 4

• thermal expansion coefficient, 4

• transformation range viscosity, 2–3

DSC. See differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)

DTA. See differential thermal analysis (DTA)

elastic moduli and hardness, 3

electrical conductivity of glasses, 3–4, 23

electrostatic binding energy, 23

EXAFS spectra, 16

Faraday rotation, 225–226

Faraday rotators, glasses for, 247–248

fiber lasers, 246

fictive temperature, 49

fluorogermanate glasses, 230

• alkali fluorogermanate glasses and melts, properties of

  • density, 231–232

  • electrical conductivity, 233–234

  • glass transformation temperature, 234–235

  • refractive index, 232

  • thermal expansion coefficients, 232–233

• BaF₂–BaO–Ga₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 241–242

• formation of, 230–231

• lead fluorogermanate glasses and melts, properties of, 235

  • density, 236–238

  • glass transformation temperature, 239–241

  • refractive index, 238

  • thermal expansion coefficients, 238–239

fragility index of a melt, 109–110

fragility of a melt, 50–51

GeO₂, 4–5

germanate anomalies, 14–15, 21–23

germanate glasses containing only network forming oxides, 12–13

germanium–oxygen octahedra, 28

germanium–oxygen tetrahedra, 5, 12, 17, 28

glassformers, germanate glasses containing, 56

• binary germanate glasses, properties of, 57

  • density, 58–61

  • elastic moduli, 65

  • electrical conductivity, 64–65

  • inert gas diffusion and solubility, 65–66

  • radiation compaction, 67–68

  • reactions with hydrogen, 66–67

  • refractive index, 61–63

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 63–64

• binary melts, properties of

  • germanium diffusion in silicogermanate melts, 71–72

  • glass transformation temperature, 68–69

  • melt density and expansion coefficient, 70–71

  • melt viscosity, 70

  • transformation range viscosity, 69–70

• formation of germanate glasses, 56–57

• ternary germanate glasses, properties of, 72–74

glass transformation temperature, 3

history of germanate glasses, 1

• additional comments, 6–7

• “best values,” 6

• discovery of germanate anomalies

  • density and refractive index, 2

  • elastic moduli and hardness, 3

  • electrical conductivity and ionic diffusivity, 3–4

  • glass transformation temperature, 3

  • inert gas diffusivity, 4

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 4

  • transformation range viscosity, 2–3

• structural models evolution for germanate glasses, 4

  • alkali germanate glasses, 5–6

  • alkaline earth germanate glasses, 6

  • GeO₂, 4–5

hollow core optical fibers, 249

hydroxyl, 39

inert gas diffusivity, 4

ionic diffusivity of mobile ions, 3–4

irradiated rare earth aluminosilicate glasses, 224

Ivanov/Evstrop’iev model, 5

La₂O₃–Ta₂O₅–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 211

lead fluorogermanate glasses and melts, properties of, 235

• density, 236–238

• glass transformation temperature, 239–241

• refractive index, 238

• thermal expansion coefficients, 238–239

MASNMR study, 13

mixed monovalent germanate glasses, 119

• formation of, 119–120

• properties of

  • density and molar volume, 120–121

  • electrical conductivity, 123–125

  • infrared spectra and hydroxyl concentration, 126–127

  • ionic diffusion, 125–126

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 122

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 122–123

• properties of R₂O–R′₂O–Al₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, 128

mixed monovalent germanate melts, properties of

• crystallization, 127–128

• glass transformation temperature, 127

modifier-free glass, 22

modifier ions, 22

modifier oxide, germanate glasses containing, 158

• monovalent oxide and second glassformer, formation of germanate glasses containing, 158–160

• PbO–SiO₂–GeO₂ glasses, properties of, 174

• R₂O–B₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, properties of

  • density, 166–168

  • electrical conductivity, 170–171

  • refractive index, 168–169

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 169–170

• R₂O–B₂O₃–GeO₂ melts, properties of

  • glass transformation temperature, 171–173

  • melt density, 173

  • melt viscosity, 173

• R₂O–SiO₂–GeO₂ glasses, properties of

  • density, 160–161

  • elastic moduli, 164–165

  • electrical conductivity, 163–164

  • refractive index, 162–163

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 163

• R₂O–SiO₂–GeO₂ melts, properties of

  • glass transformation temperature, 165–166

  • other melt properties, 166

  • transformation range and melt viscosity, 166

• RO–B₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, properties of, 174–175

molar concentration, 3

monovalent cations in germanate glasses and melts, 90

• alkali and pseudoalkali germanate glasses, formation of, 91

• alkali germanate glasses, properties of

  • density and molar volume, 91–94

  • elastic moduli, 104

  • electrical conductivity, 98–101

  • He diffusion and solubility, 103–104

  • internal friction and acoustic loss, 103

  • ionic diffusivity, 101–103

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 95–96

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 97–98

• alkali germanate melts, properties of

  • electrical conductivities of melts, 112

  • fragility index, 109–110

  • glass stability, 107–108

  • glass transformation temperature, 104–107

  • melt densities and molar volumes, 111–112

  • melt viscosity, 110–111

  • transformation range viscosity, 108–109

  • water diffusion in germanate melts, 112–113

• pseudoalkali germanate glasses and melts, properties of, 113–115

monovalent oxide, formation of germanate glasses containing, 158–160

Na₂O–RE₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, properties of, 227–228

Nb₂O₅/Ta₂O₃, ternary germanate glasses containing, 31–32

Nb₂O₅/Ta₂O₅, germanate glasses containing, 203

• alkali Nb₂O₅/Ta₂O₅ germanate glasses, properties of

  • density and molar volume, 204–205

  • electrical conductivity, 207–208

  • other properties, 208

  • refractive index, 205–207

• alkali Nb₂O₅/Ta₂O₅ germanate melts, properties of, 208–210

• formation of, 204

• La₂O₃–Ta₂O₅–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 211

NBOs. See non-bridging oxygens (NBOs)

NMR. See nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

non-bridging oxygens (NBOs), 5, 9, 10, 15–16, 22

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 31

optical fibers

• Bragg gratings in, 246–247

• for communication, 245

• high GeO₂ concentration core, 248–249

• hollow core, 249

P₂O₅–GeO₂ glasses, 13, 60

PbO and SnO germanate glasses, 144

• binary PbO and SnO germanate glasses, properties of

  • density and molar volume, 145–146

  • electrical conductivity, 148–149

  • modulus, 149

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 146–147

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 147–148

• binary PbO–GeO₂ melts, properties of

  • glass transformation temperature, 149–150

  • melt viscosity, density, and volume expansion coefficient, 151

  • transformation range viscosity, 150–151

• formation of, 144–145

• ternary glasses containing PbO and GeO₂, properties of

  • Li₂O–PbO–GeO₂ glasses, 156

  • PbO–GeO₂ glasses and melts containing Na₂O or Tl₂O, 152–155

PbO–SiO₂–GeO₂ glasses, properties of, 174

Poisson’s ratio, 219–220

potassium borogermanate glasses, 168

potassium gallogermanate glasses, 185

pseudoalkali germanate glasses

• formation of, 91

• properties of, 113–115

pseudoalkali germanate melts, properties of, 113–115

pseudoglassformer germanate glasses

• binary

  • density and molar volume, 77–78

  • electrical conductivity, 81–82

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 78–80

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 80–81

• ternary

  • modifier pseudoglassformer germanate glasses, 84–87

  • modifier pseudoglassformer germanate melts, 87

pseudoglassformer germanate melts, binary

• glass transformation temperature, 82

• melt density, 83

• surface tension, 83

• viscosity, 82–83

pseudoglassformers, formation of glasses containing, 76–77

R₂O–Al₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of

• density and molar volume, 178–179

• electrical conductivity, 181

• glass transformation temperature, 182–183

• melt densities and electrical conductivities, 183

• refractive index, 179–180

• sodium diffusivity, 181–182

• thermal expansion coefficient, 180–181

• transformation range and melt viscosity, 183

R₂O–B₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, properties of

• density, 166–168

• electrical conductivity, 170–171

• refractive index, 168–169

• thermal expansion coefficient, 169–170

R₂O–B₂O₃–GeO₂ melts, properties of

• glass transformation temperature, 171–173

• melt density, 173

• melt viscosity, 173

R₂O–Ga₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of

• density and molar volume, 184–185

• electrical conductivity, 187–188

• glass transformation temperature, 188–189

• potassium diffusivity, 188

• refractive index, 185–186

• thermal expansion coefficient, 186–187

• transformation range viscosity, 189–190

R₂O–In₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, density and refractive index of, 190

R₂O–M₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, 177

• formation of, 177–178

R₂O–RO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 139

• Li₂O–ZnO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, 141

• Na₂O–CaO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, 140–141

• Na₂O–RO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, 141

R₂O–SiO₂–GeO₂ glasses, properties of

• density, 160–161

• elastic moduli, 164–165

• electrical conductivity, 163–164

• refractive index, 162–163

• thermal expansion coefficient, 163

R₂O–SiO₂–GeO₂ melts, properties of

• glass transformation temperature, 165–166

• other melt properties, 166

• transformation range and melt viscosity, 166

radiation shielding, 249

Raman spectra, 12, 29

rare earths in germanate glasses, 213

• binary rare earth germanate glasses, properties of, 215

  • density, 215–216

  • refractive index, 216–217

  • thermal expansion coefficient and glass transformation temperature, 217–218

• formation of germanate glasses containing rare earth oxides, 213–215

• Na₂O–RE₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, properties of, 227–228

• ternary glasses containing Al₂O₃ or Ga₂O₃, properties of

  • chemical durability, 224

  • density and molar volume, 221–222

  • electrical conductivity, 223

  • Faraday rotation, 225–226

  • glass transformation temperature, 227

  • hardness, 224

  • magnetic susceptibility, 224–225

  • refractive index, 222–223

  • thermal expansion, 223

• ternary glasses containing La₂O₃, properties of

  • density, 218–219

  • moduli and Poisson’s ratio, 219–220

  • refractive index, 219

  • transformation range viscosity, 220–221

refractive index, 140

RO–B₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, properties of, 174–175

RO germanate glasses, 130

• binary RO germanate glasses, properties of

  • density and molar volume, 132–134

  • dissolution in water, 136

  • electrical conductivity, 136

  • helium permeability, 136

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 134–135

  • thermal expansion coefficients, 135–136

• binary RO germanate melts, properties of

  • crystallization, 139

  • glass transformation temperature, 137–138

  • viscosity, 138–139

• formation of, 131–132

• R₂O–RO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 139

  • Li₂O–ZnO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, 141

  • Na₂O–CaO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, 140–141

  • Na₂O–RO–GeO₂ glasses and melts, 141

RO–M₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, 192

• BaO–Ga₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of, 199–201

• CaO–Al₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses and melts, properties of

  • density and molar volume, 197

  • glass transformation temperature, 199

  • refractive index, 197–198

  • thermal expansion coefficient, 198–199

• formation of, 192–193

• properties of, 201–202

  • density and molar volume, 193–194

  • dissolution in water, 196

  • electrical conductivity, 196

  • glass transformation temperature, 196–197

  • refractive index, 194–195

  • thermal expansion coefficients, 195–196

RO–M₂O₃–GeO₂ melts, properties of, 201–202

sealing glasses, 249–250

second glassformer, formation of germanate glasses containing, 158–160

SiO₂–GeO₂ glasses, structure of, 12

sodium aluminogermanate glasses, 180

sodium borogermanate glasses, 159

strain energy, 23

structural models evolution for germanate glasses, 4

• alkali germanate glasses, 5–6

• alkaline earth germanate glasses, 6

• GeO₂, 4–5

structures of germanate glasses, 9

• binary germanate glasses

  • containing alkaline earth oxides, 26–29

  • containing PbO, 29–30

• binary germanate glasses containing alkali oxides

  • “correct” model for alkali germanate glasses, 24–26

  • germanate anomalies, 14–15, 21–23

  • mathematical models of alkali germanate glasses, 18–21

  • properties explained by the existing models, 23–24

  • spectral studies of alkali germanate glasses, 16–18

• germanate glasses containing only network forming oxides, 12–13

• ternary germanate glasses

  • containing Al₂O₃ or Ga₂O₃, 30–31

  • containing Nb₂O₅ or Ta₂O₃, 31–32

• vitreous germania, 10–12

TEC. See thermal expansion coefficient (TEC)

ternary germanate glasses

• containing Al₂O₃ or Ga₂O₃, 30–31

• containing Nb₂O₅ or Ta₂O₃, 31–32

• properties containing B₂O₃, SiO₂, or P₂O₅, 72–74

ternary glasses containing Al₂O₃ or Ga₂O₃, properties of

• chemical durability, 224

• density and molar volume, 221–222

• electrical conductivity, 223

• Faraday rotation, 225–226

• glass transformation temperature, 227

• hardness, 224

• magnetic susceptibility, 224–225

• refractive index, 222–223

• thermal expansion, 223

ternary glasses containing La₂O₃, properties of

• density, 218–219

• moduli and Poisson’s ratio, 219–220

• refractive index, 219

• transformation range viscosity, 220–221

ternary glasses containing PbO and GeO₂, properties of

• Li₂O–PbO–GeO₂ glasses, 156

• PbO–GeO₂ glasses and melts containing Na₂O or Tl₂O, 152–155

ternary pseudoglassformer germanate glasses, properties of

• modifier pseudoglassformer germanate glasses, 84–87

• modifier pseudoglassformer germanate melts, 87

thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), 4

thermomechanical analyzer (TMA), 48

Tl₂O–Al₂O₃–GeO₂ glasses, density and refractive index of, 190

TMA. See thermomechanical analyzer (TMA)

transformation range viscosity, 2–3

Verdet coefficient, 247–248

Verdet constant, 226

Vickers hardness, 224

vitreous GeO₂, 37

• glass preparation, 37–38

• glass properties

  • density and molar volume, 38–40

  • elastic modulus, 44

  • electrical conductivity, 44–45

  • heat capacity, 44

  • hydrogen gas, reaction with, 47

  • ionic diffusivity, 45

  • refractive index and molar refractivity, 40–43

  • solubility and diffusivity of inert gases, 45–47

  • thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), 43

  • water vapor, reaction with, 47–48

• induced densification

  • pressure-induced densification, 52

  • radiation-induced densification, 52

• melt properties

  • critical cooling rate (CCR), 51–52

  • fictive temperature, 49

  • fragility, 50–51

  • glass transformation temperature, 48–49

  • melt viscosity, 51

  • transformation range viscosity, 49–50

vitreous germania, 4, 10–12, 37–38

X-ray diffraction, 4, 48

Young’s modulus, 220