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The theory of microfluidics is a fundamental tool for understanding microfluidic chips and their applications. In this chapter, the phenomena of fluid dynamics are introduced and scaled down to understand how fluid behaviour changes when flowing in microchannels. The introduction of dimensionless numbers, such as Reynolds, Péclet and capillary numbers, is used to determine the prevalent forces in fluid momentum and mass transfer and to evaluate the predominance of surface and volume forces.

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