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AFM  Atomic force microscopy 
ALA  5-Aminolevulinic acid 
AMF  Alternating magnetic field 
ATRP  Atom-transfer radical polymerization 
BBB  Blood–brain barrier 
BET  Brunauer, Emmett and Teller 
BSA  Bovine serum albumin 
CB  Conduction band 
CBC  Covalent bonding classification 
ChT  α-Chymotrypsin 
CMT  Chemotherapy 
CT  Computed tomography 
CTAB  Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) 
CuAAC  Cu(i)-catalysed alkyne–azide click 
Cup  N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine (ammonium salt: cupferron) 
DDT  1-Dodecanethiol 
DEM  Dual-energy mammography 
DLS  Dynamic light scattering 
DLVO  Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek 
DNA  Deoxyribonucleic acid 
DOX  Doxorubicin 
EDC  1-Ethyl-3-(3dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide 
EDL  Electrical double layer 
EDTA  Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 
EDX  Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 
EGFR  Epidermal growth factor receptor 
EIS  Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 
ELISA  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 
FA  Folic acid 
Fab  Fragment antigen binding 
FDA  Food and Drug Administration 
FWHM  Full width at half-maximum intensity 
GBM  Glioblastoma 
GO  Graphene oxide 
HDA  Hexadecylamine 
HGMS  High-gradient magnetic separation 
HPA  Hexylphosphonic acid 
HRP  Horseradish peroxidase 
HRTEM  High-resolution transmission electron microscopy 
HSA  Human serum albumin 
ICG  Indocyanine Green 
IgG  Immunoglobulin 
LAL  Laser ablation in the liquid phase 
LbL  Layer-by-layer 
LC-MS  Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 
LCST  Lower critical solution temperature 
LOD  Limit of detection 
LSPR  Localized surface plasmon resonance 
Lyz  Lysozyme 
mAb  Monoclonal antibody 
MNP  Magnetic nanoparticle 
MRI  Magnetic resonance imaging 
MW  Molecular weight 
NC  Nanocrystal 
NHS  N-hydroxysuccinimide 
NIR  Near-infrared 
NIRF  Near-infrared fluorescence 
NMR  Nuclear magnetic resonance 
NP  Nanoparticle 
NR  Nanorod 
NS  Nanosphere 
NW  Nanowire 
o/w  Oil/water 
PAA  Poly(acrylic acid) 
PB  Polybutadiene 
PBS  Phosphate-buffered saline 
PDA  Polydopamine 
PDT  Photodynamic therapy 
PE  Polyelectrolyte 
PEG  Poly(ethylene glycol) 
PEI  Polyethylenimine 
PEOS  Polyethoxysiloxane 
PET  Positron emission tomography 
PLGA  Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) 
PMMA  Poly(methyl methacrylate) 
PNIPAm  Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) 
PS  Polystyrene 
PTT  Photothermal therapy 
PVA  Poly(vinyl alcohol) 
PVP  Polyvinylpyrrolidone 
PZT  Point of zero charge 
QD  Quantum dot 
RAFT  Reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization 
RES  Reticuloendothelial system 
RF  Resorcinol–formaldehyde 
RGD  Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide 
RMT  Receptor-mediated transcytosis 
RNA  Ribonucleic acid 
ROS  Reactive oxygen species 
RT  Room temperature 
SDS  Sodium dodecyl sulfate 
SDS-PAGE  Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 
SEM  Scanning electron microscopy 
SERS  Surface-enhanced Raman scattering 
siRNA  Short interfering RNA 
SL  Superlattice 
SP  Superparticle 
SPECT  Single-photon emission computed tomography 
SPION  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystal 
ssDNA  Single-stranded DNA 
STEM  Scanning transmission electron microscopy 
TAT  Transactivating transcriptional activator 
TDPA  Tetradecylphosphonic acid 
TEM  Transmission electron microscopy 
TEOS  Tetraethyl orthosilicate 
TOP  Tri-n-octylphosphine 
TOPO  Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide 
UCN  Upconversion nanocrystal 
VB  Valence band 
vdW  van der Waals 
WGA  Wheat germ agglutinin 
XPS  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 
XRD  X-ray diffraction 
AFM  Atomic force microscopy 
ALA  5-Aminolevulinic acid 
AMF  Alternating magnetic field 
ATRP  Atom-transfer radical polymerization 
BBB  Blood–brain barrier 
BET  Brunauer, Emmett and Teller 
BSA  Bovine serum albumin 
CB  Conduction band 
CBC  Covalent bonding classification 
ChT  α-Chymotrypsin 
CMT  Chemotherapy 
CT  Computed tomography 
CTAB  Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) 
CuAAC  Cu(i)-catalysed alkyne–azide click 
Cup  N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine (ammonium salt: cupferron) 
DDT  1-Dodecanethiol 
DEM  Dual-energy mammography 
DLS  Dynamic light scattering 
DLVO  Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek 
DNA  Deoxyribonucleic acid 
DOX  Doxorubicin 
EDC  1-Ethyl-3-(3dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide 
EDL  Electrical double layer 
EDTA  Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 
EDX  Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 
EGFR  Epidermal growth factor receptor 
EIS  Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 
ELISA  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 
FA  Folic acid 
Fab  Fragment antigen binding 
FDA  Food and Drug Administration 
FWHM  Full width at half-maximum intensity 
GBM  Glioblastoma 
GO  Graphene oxide 
HDA  Hexadecylamine 
HGMS  High-gradient magnetic separation 
HPA  Hexylphosphonic acid 
HRP  Horseradish peroxidase 
HRTEM  High-resolution transmission electron microscopy 
HSA  Human serum albumin 
ICG  Indocyanine Green 
IgG  Immunoglobulin 
LAL  Laser ablation in the liquid phase 
LbL  Layer-by-layer 
LC-MS  Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 
LCST  Lower critical solution temperature 
LOD  Limit of detection 
LSPR  Localized surface plasmon resonance 
Lyz  Lysozyme 
mAb  Monoclonal antibody 
MNP  Magnetic nanoparticle 
MRI  Magnetic resonance imaging 
MW  Molecular weight 
NC  Nanocrystal 
NHS  N-hydroxysuccinimide 
NIR  Near-infrared 
NIRF  Near-infrared fluorescence 
NMR  Nuclear magnetic resonance 
NP  Nanoparticle 
NR  Nanorod 
NS  Nanosphere 
NW  Nanowire 
o/w  Oil/water 
PAA  Poly(acrylic acid) 
PB  Polybutadiene 
PBS  Phosphate-buffered saline 
PDA  Polydopamine 
PDT  Photodynamic therapy 
PE  Polyelectrolyte 
PEG  Poly(ethylene glycol) 
PEI  Polyethylenimine 
PEOS  Polyethoxysiloxane 
PET  Positron emission tomography 
PLGA  Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) 
PMMA  Poly(methyl methacrylate) 
PNIPAm  Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) 
PS  Polystyrene 
PTT  Photothermal therapy 
PVA  Poly(vinyl alcohol) 
PVP  Polyvinylpyrrolidone 
PZT  Point of zero charge 
QD  Quantum dot 
RAFT  Reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization 
RES  Reticuloendothelial system 
RF  Resorcinol–formaldehyde 
RGD  Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide 
RMT  Receptor-mediated transcytosis 
RNA  Ribonucleic acid 
ROS  Reactive oxygen species 
RT  Room temperature 
SDS  Sodium dodecyl sulfate 
SDS-PAGE  Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 
SEM  Scanning electron microscopy 
SERS  Surface-enhanced Raman scattering 
siRNA  Short interfering RNA 
SL  Superlattice 
SP  Superparticle 
SPECT  Single-photon emission computed tomography 
SPION  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystal 
ssDNA  Single-stranded DNA 
STEM  Scanning transmission electron microscopy 
TAT  Transactivating transcriptional activator 
TDPA  Tetradecylphosphonic acid 
TEM  Transmission electron microscopy 
TEOS  Tetraethyl orthosilicate 
TOP  Tri-n-octylphosphine 
TOPO  Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide 
UCN  Upconversion nanocrystal 
VB  Valence band 
vdW  van der Waals 
WGA  Wheat germ agglutinin 
XPS  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 
XRD  X-ray diffraction 

Note: The plural form of a term is abbreviated by adding an “s” to the acronym (e.g. nanocrystals, NCs).

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