The various natural extracts that might correspond to one of the perfume ingredients mentioned in the Bible are each discussed in this chapter. The reasons for considering each one as a Biblical perfume component are given in terms of the language used. Hebrew is interesting in that it links words through concepts that might be applied quite differently in different contexts and this often gives very interesting insight into Biblical perfume ingredients. The natural source of each candidate ingredient is described and uses in ancient herbal medicines are complemented by findings of modern research into physiological activity with some fascinating results.