Relevant studies in bio-oil HDT
| Author . | Catalyst . | T (°C) . | Pressure (bar) . | Deoxygenation level (wt%) . | Oil yield (wt%) . | Time (h)a . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baldauf et al.70 | CoMo/Al2O3 | 370 | – | 99.9 | 32.8 | 4 |
| CoMo/Al2O3 | 350 | – | 95.1 | 32.7 | 4 | |
| NiMo/Al2O3 | 370 | – | 97.2 | 33.6 | 6.67 | |
| Elliott et al.71 | Pd/C | 340 | 138 | 71 | 62 | 4 |
| Pd/C + Commercial C | 250–410 | 138 | 98.4 | 50 | 6.67 | |
| Commercial | 405 | 103 | 98.8 | 61 | 5 | |
| Wildschut et al.72 | CoMo/Al2O3 | 250 | 100 | 41 | 27 | 4 |
| NiMo/Al2O3 | 250 | 100 | 36 | 30 | 4 | |
| Ru/Al2O3 | 250 | 100 | 37 | 23 | 4 | |
| Ru/TiO2 | 250 | 100 | 50 | 37 | 4 | |
| Ru/C | 250 | 100 | 45 | 35 | 4 | |
| Pd/C | 250 | 100 | 56 | 43 | 4 | |
| Pt/C | 250 | 100 | 36 | 58 | 4 | |
| CoMo/Al2O3 | 350 | 200 | 82 | 25 | 4 | |
| NiMo/Al2O3 | 350 | 200 | 75 | 27 | 4 | |
| Ru/Al2O3 | 350 | 200 | 79 | 35 | 4 | |
| Ru/TiO2 | 350 | 200 | 77 | 66 | 4 | |
| Ru/C | 350 | 200 | 86 | 53 | 4 | |
| Pd/C | 350 | 200 | 85 | 65 | 4 | |
| Pt/C | 350 | 200 | 76 | 27 | 4 | |
| Venderbosch et al.73 | Ru/C | 175 | 200 | 17 | 95 | 0.1 |
| Ru/C | 225 | 200 | 35 | 50 | 0.1 | |
| Ru/C | 175/225/375/400 | 241 | 45 | 54 | 0.18 | |
| Ru/C | 350/375/400/400 | 230 | 64 | 52 | 0.45 | |
| Elliott et al.77 | Ru–S/C + NiMo–S | 170/390 | 138 | 99 | 45 | 5.26 |
| Ru–S/C + CoMo–S/C | 170/390 | 138 | 95 | 43 | 5.26 | |
| Ardiyanti et al.74 | NiCu/CeO2–ZrO2 | 150/350 | 200 | 67.1 | 40.6 | 1/3 |
| NiCu/ZrO2 | 150/350 | 200 | 59.9 | 38.9 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/TiO2 | 150/350 | 200 | 62.3 | 45.5 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/CRH | 150/350 | 200 | 55.9 | 44.9 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/Sibunite | 150/350 | 200 | 86.5 | 35.9 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/δ-Al2O3 | 150/350 | 200 | 57.4 | 42.2 | 1/3 | |
| Xu et al.78 | Ru/C | 250 | 20 | 36 | 52 | 3 |
| Ru/C | 300 | 20 | 48 | 42.3 | 3 | |
| Ru/Cb | 250 | 20 | 46 | 84.6 | 3 | |
| Ru/Cb | 280 | 20 | 53 | 76.5 | 3 | |
| Ru/Cb | 300 | 20 | 68 | 69.4 | 3 | |
| Ardiyanti et al.79 | NiPd/SiO2 | 150/350 | 120c | 58.6 | 39.9 | 1/3 |
| NiCu/SiO2 | 150/350 | 120c | 58.1 | 44.3 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/SiO2–ZrO2–La2O3 | 150/350 | 120c | 67.8 | 37.4 | 1/3 |
| Author . | Catalyst . | T (°C) . | Pressure (bar) . | Deoxygenation level (wt%) . | Oil yield (wt%) . | Time (h)a . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baldauf et al.70 | CoMo/Al2O3 | 370 | – | 99.9 | 32.8 | 4 |
| CoMo/Al2O3 | 350 | – | 95.1 | 32.7 | 4 | |
| NiMo/Al2O3 | 370 | – | 97.2 | 33.6 | 6.67 | |
| Elliott et al.71 | Pd/C | 340 | 138 | 71 | 62 | 4 |
| Pd/C + Commercial C | 250–410 | 138 | 98.4 | 50 | 6.67 | |
| Commercial | 405 | 103 | 98.8 | 61 | 5 | |
| Wildschut et al.72 | CoMo/Al2O3 | 250 | 100 | 41 | 27 | 4 |
| NiMo/Al2O3 | 250 | 100 | 36 | 30 | 4 | |
| Ru/Al2O3 | 250 | 100 | 37 | 23 | 4 | |
| Ru/TiO2 | 250 | 100 | 50 | 37 | 4 | |
| Ru/C | 250 | 100 | 45 | 35 | 4 | |
| Pd/C | 250 | 100 | 56 | 43 | 4 | |
| Pt/C | 250 | 100 | 36 | 58 | 4 | |
| CoMo/Al2O3 | 350 | 200 | 82 | 25 | 4 | |
| NiMo/Al2O3 | 350 | 200 | 75 | 27 | 4 | |
| Ru/Al2O3 | 350 | 200 | 79 | 35 | 4 | |
| Ru/TiO2 | 350 | 200 | 77 | 66 | 4 | |
| Ru/C | 350 | 200 | 86 | 53 | 4 | |
| Pd/C | 350 | 200 | 85 | 65 | 4 | |
| Pt/C | 350 | 200 | 76 | 27 | 4 | |
| Venderbosch et al.73 | Ru/C | 175 | 200 | 17 | 95 | 0.1 |
| Ru/C | 225 | 200 | 35 | 50 | 0.1 | |
| Ru/C | 175/225/375/400 | 241 | 45 | 54 | 0.18 | |
| Ru/C | 350/375/400/400 | 230 | 64 | 52 | 0.45 | |
| Elliott et al.77 | Ru–S/C + NiMo–S | 170/390 | 138 | 99 | 45 | 5.26 |
| Ru–S/C + CoMo–S/C | 170/390 | 138 | 95 | 43 | 5.26 | |
| Ardiyanti et al.74 | NiCu/CeO2–ZrO2 | 150/350 | 200 | 67.1 | 40.6 | 1/3 |
| NiCu/ZrO2 | 150/350 | 200 | 59.9 | 38.9 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/TiO2 | 150/350 | 200 | 62.3 | 45.5 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/CRH | 150/350 | 200 | 55.9 | 44.9 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/Sibunite | 150/350 | 200 | 86.5 | 35.9 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/δ-Al2O3 | 150/350 | 200 | 57.4 | 42.2 | 1/3 | |
| Xu et al.78 | Ru/C | 250 | 20 | 36 | 52 | 3 |
| Ru/C | 300 | 20 | 48 | 42.3 | 3 | |
| Ru/Cb | 250 | 20 | 46 | 84.6 | 3 | |
| Ru/Cb | 280 | 20 | 53 | 76.5 | 3 | |
| Ru/Cb | 300 | 20 | 68 | 69.4 | 3 | |
| Ardiyanti et al.79 | NiPd/SiO2 | 150/350 | 120c | 58.6 | 39.9 | 1/3 |
| NiCu/SiO2 | 150/350 | 120c | 58.1 | 44.3 | 1/3 | |
| NiCu/SiO2–ZrO2–La2O3 | 150/350 | 120c | 67.8 | 37.4 | 1/3 |
Bold values are the inverse of LHSV. Italic values are the inverse of WHSV.
1-butanol was used as solvent.
Pressure at room temperature.