Summary of viral proteins targeted by approved and novel inhibitors.
| Human viruses . | Viral targets . | Approved drugs . | Novel inhibitors . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Protease | Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir, darunavir | |
| Reverse transcriptase | NRTIs: zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide | MK-8591 (phase 2), GS-9131 (phase 2) | |
| NNRTIs: nevirapine, efavirenz, delavirdinea, elsulfavirineb, rilpivirine, etravirine, doravirine | MK-1650 (phase 2) | ||
| Integrase | Raltegravir, elvitegravir, dolutegravir, bictegravir | Cabotegrar (phase 3), GSK3640254 (phase 2) | |
| gp41 | Enfuvirtide, albuvirtideb | GSK3732394 (phase 1) | |
| gp120 | Fostemsavir (phase 3) | ||
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | NS3/4A protease | Simeprevir, paritaprevir, grazoprevir, paritaprevir, glecaprevir | |
| NS5A phosphoprotein | Daclatasvir, ledipasvir, ombitasvir, elbasvir, velpatasvir, pibrentasvir | ||
| NS5B polymerase | Sofosbuvir, dasabuvir | ||
| Human influenza virus | RNA polymerase | Baloxavir marboxil, favipiravirb | Pimodivir (phase 3) |
| Neuraminidase | Oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivirb | ||
| Hemagglutinin | Arbidolb | ||
| Matrix protein 2 | Rimantadine, amantadinea | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | RNA polymerase | Ribavirin | |
| Fusion glycoprotein | Palivizumab | ||
| Herpes simplex virus (HSV) | DNA polymerase UL30 | Idoxuridine, brivudine, trifluridine foscarnet, acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir, penciclovir | |
| Envelope proteins | Docosanolc | ||
| Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | DNA polymerase UL54 | Foscarnet, ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, fomivirsenc | |
| Terminase UL56 | Letermovir | ||
| Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) | DNA polymerase | Acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir, brivudine, vidarabinec | |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | DNA polymerase | Entecavir, telbivudine, adefovir, tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide, clevudineb | |
| Human smallpox | VP37 envelope wrapping protein | Tecovirimat |
| Human viruses . | Viral targets . | Approved drugs . | Novel inhibitors . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Protease | Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir, darunavir | |
| Reverse transcriptase | NRTIs: zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide | MK-8591 (phase 2), GS-9131 (phase 2) | |
| NNRTIs: nevirapine, efavirenz, delavirdinea, elsulfavirineb, rilpivirine, etravirine, doravirine | MK-1650 (phase 2) | ||
| Integrase | Raltegravir, elvitegravir, dolutegravir, bictegravir | Cabotegrar (phase 3), GSK3640254 (phase 2) | |
| gp41 | Enfuvirtide, albuvirtideb | GSK3732394 (phase 1) | |
| gp120 | Fostemsavir (phase 3) | ||
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | NS3/4A protease | Simeprevir, paritaprevir, grazoprevir, paritaprevir, glecaprevir | |
| NS5A phosphoprotein | Daclatasvir, ledipasvir, ombitasvir, elbasvir, velpatasvir, pibrentasvir | ||
| NS5B polymerase | Sofosbuvir, dasabuvir | ||
| Human influenza virus | RNA polymerase | Baloxavir marboxil, favipiravirb | Pimodivir (phase 3) |
| Neuraminidase | Oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivirb | ||
| Hemagglutinin | Arbidolb | ||
| Matrix protein 2 | Rimantadine, amantadinea | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | RNA polymerase | Ribavirin | |
| Fusion glycoprotein | Palivizumab | ||
| Herpes simplex virus (HSV) | DNA polymerase UL30 | Idoxuridine, brivudine, trifluridine foscarnet, acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir, penciclovir | |
| Envelope proteins | Docosanolc | ||
| Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | DNA polymerase UL54 | Foscarnet, ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, fomivirsenc | |
| Terminase UL56 | Letermovir | ||
| Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) | DNA polymerase | Acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir, brivudine, vidarabinec | |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | DNA polymerase | Entecavir, telbivudine, adefovir, tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide, clevudineb | |
| Human smallpox | VP37 envelope wrapping protein | Tecovirimat |
Discontinued.
Elsulfavirine was approved in Russia, albuvirtide was approved in China; favipiravir and laninamivir were approved in Japan; clevudine was approved in South Korea and the Philippines; Arbidol (umifenovir) was approved in Russia and China for seasonal influenza.
Docosanol may inhibit the fusion of the HSV envelope with host cell plasma membranes, but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear.