Summary of host proteins targeted by approved and novel antivirals.
| Host proteins . | Human virus . | Antiviralsb . | Mechanisms of drug action . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCR5 | HIV-1 | Maraviroca | Maraviroc blocks the gp120–CCR5 interaction. | 131 |
| CXCR4 | HIV-1 | NF279 | NF279 inhibits both CXCR5 and CCR5. | 132 |
| CD4 | HIV-1 | Ibalizumaba | Ibalizumab blocks the binding of gp120 to CCR5 and CXCR4. | 74 |
| NTCP | HBV | Myrcludex B | Myrcludex B blocks the binding of HBV preS1 to NTCP. | 77 |
| LAMP1 | Lassa | Candidate 3.3 | Candidate 3.3 blocks the binding of viral glycoproteins to LAMP1. | 86 |
| VCP/97 | Rift Valley fever virus | Sorafenib | Sorafenib inhibits VCP and impedes the viral egress. | 96 |
| HCMV, influenza | NMS-873 | NMS-873 targets VCP and inhibits viral replication. | 89, 94 | |
| AMPK | Zika, dengue, West Nile virus | PF-06409577 | PF-06409577 activates AMPK to reduce viral infections of flaviviruses. | 99 |
| KSHV | Metformin, AICAR | Two AMPK agonists inhibit the expression of viral lytic genes. | 98 | |
| AAK1, GAK | Dengue, Ebola | Sunitinib, erlotinib | Both inhibit AAK1- and GAK-regulated viral trafficking. | 101 |
| Hsp27 | Enterovirus 71 | TDP | TDP protects against cytopathic effects and inhibits Enterovirus 71. | 133 |
| BRD4 | HPV-16 | I-BET762 | I-BET762 blocks the binding of viral E2 protein to BRD4. | 111 |
| Epstein–Barr virus | JQ1 | JQ1 reduces BRD4 recruitment to prevent EBV gene expression. | 108 | |
| HIV-1 | ZL0580 | ZL0580 target BRD4 and suppresses HIV-1 transcription. | 109 | |
| RACK1 | HSV-1 | SD-29, SD-29-14 | Both target the phosphorylation pocket of RACK1 and inhibit viral gene expression. | 113 |
| Host proteins . | Human virus . | Antiviralsb . | Mechanisms of drug action . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCR5 | HIV-1 | Maraviroca | Maraviroc blocks the gp120–CCR5 interaction. | 131 |
| CXCR4 | HIV-1 | NF279 | NF279 inhibits both CXCR5 and CCR5. | 132 |
| CD4 | HIV-1 | Ibalizumaba | Ibalizumab blocks the binding of gp120 to CCR5 and CXCR4. | 74 |
| NTCP | HBV | Myrcludex B | Myrcludex B blocks the binding of HBV preS1 to NTCP. | 77 |
| LAMP1 | Lassa | Candidate 3.3 | Candidate 3.3 blocks the binding of viral glycoproteins to LAMP1. | 86 |
| VCP/97 | Rift Valley fever virus | Sorafenib | Sorafenib inhibits VCP and impedes the viral egress. | 96 |
| HCMV, influenza | NMS-873 | NMS-873 targets VCP and inhibits viral replication. | 89, 94 | |
| AMPK | Zika, dengue, West Nile virus | PF-06409577 | PF-06409577 activates AMPK to reduce viral infections of flaviviruses. | 99 |
| KSHV | Metformin, AICAR | Two AMPK agonists inhibit the expression of viral lytic genes. | 98 | |
| AAK1, GAK | Dengue, Ebola | Sunitinib, erlotinib | Both inhibit AAK1- and GAK-regulated viral trafficking. | 101 |
| Hsp27 | Enterovirus 71 | TDP | TDP protects against cytopathic effects and inhibits Enterovirus 71. | 133 |
| BRD4 | HPV-16 | I-BET762 | I-BET762 blocks the binding of viral E2 protein to BRD4. | 111 |
| Epstein–Barr virus | JQ1 | JQ1 reduces BRD4 recruitment to prevent EBV gene expression. | 108 | |
| HIV-1 | ZL0580 | ZL0580 target BRD4 and suppresses HIV-1 transcription. | 109 | |
| RACK1 | HSV-1 | SD-29, SD-29-14 | Both target the phosphorylation pocket of RACK1 and inhibit viral gene expression. | 113 |
Antiviral agents were approved by the FDA.
Only a few leading compounds are listed.