North American and European Alternatives Assessment Paradigms
| Name of Alternative Assessment . | Organization . | Endpoints . |
|---|---|---|
| DfE Alternatives Assessment Criteria | Design for the Environment (DfE) | Acute mammalian toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity/genotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, repeat dose toxicity, sensitization, eye/skin irritation, endocrine activity, aquatic toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation |
| GreenScreen™ | Clean Production Action (CPA) | Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity/genotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, acute toxicity (inhalation, dermal, oral toxicity), corrosion/irritation of the skin or eye, sensitization of the skin or respiratory system, immune system effects, systemic toxicity/organ effects, acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, explosivity, flammability |
| Cradle to Cradle® (C2C) | McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, LLC (MBDC) | Material health [i.e. carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, acute and chronic toxicity, irritation of the skin or mucous membranes, sensitization, other (carrier function, skin penetration potential, etc.), vertebrate toxicity (fish), invertebrate toxicity (daphnia), aquatic plant toxicity (algae), persistence/biodegradation, bioaccumulation, contents of halogenated organics, metal content, climate relevance/ozone depletion]Material reutilization/design for environment; energy; water; social responsibility |
| Pollution Prevention Options Analysis System (P2OASys) | Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) | Acute human effects (i.e. dermal/ocular/respiratory irritation, skin absorption, inhalation LC50, oral/dermal LD50); Chronic human effects (i.e. carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory sensitivity/disease, other organ effects); Aquatic hazards (i.e. water quality criteria, aquatic LC50, plant EC50, fish NOAEC, observed ecological effects); persistence, bioaccumulation; atmospheric hazards (i.e., ozone depletor, greenhouse gas, acid rain formation); chemical hazards (i.e., volatile organic compounds, flammability, reactivity/instability, pH); disposal hazard; energy/resource use; product hazard; exposure potential |
| Chemical Scoring and Ranking Assessment Model (SCRAM) | Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Surface Water Quality Division (SWQD) and Michigan State University, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center | Subchronic/chronic toxicity (based on repeat dose toxicity, general organ toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption), acute aquatic toxicity, acute terrestrial toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation |
| Chemicals Assessment and Ranking System (CARS) | Zero Waste Alliance | Proprietary, but may include carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, endocrine disruption, persistence, bioaccumulation (PBT status), aquatic toxicity, impact on climate, ozone; considers frequency of use, human health, safety impacts, ecological and global impacts, costs |
| GreenList™ | SC Johnson | Proprietary, but may include acute human toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and reproductive toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation (PBT status), aquatic toxicity, biodegradability |
| PRIO | Swedish Chemicals Agency | Phase‐out substances: carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, hazardous metals, ozone depletion, persistence, bioaccumulation. Priority risk‐reduction substances: acute and chronic toxicity (inhalation, dermal, oral toxicity, sensitization, mutagenicity) persistence, bioaccumulation |
| Quick Scan | Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment | Persistence, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, inhalation or dermal toxicity, hormone disruption |
| Column Model and GHS Column Model | German Institute for Occupational Safety (BIA) | Acute and chronic health hazards (including inhalation, dermal, oral toxicity, sensitization; carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, bioaccumulation), environmental hazards, explosivity, flammability, exposure potential, hazards caused by procedures |
| Evaluation Matrix | German Federal Environmental Agency | Inclusion in lists of problematic substances, physico‐chemical properties, human toxicity, problematic properties related to the environment, mobility within the environment, origin of raw materials, greenhouse gas emission, resource consumption, persistence, bioaccumulation |
| Name of Alternative Assessment . | Organization . | Endpoints . |
|---|---|---|
| DfE Alternatives Assessment Criteria | Design for the Environment (DfE) | Acute mammalian toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity/genotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, repeat dose toxicity, sensitization, eye/skin irritation, endocrine activity, aquatic toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation |
| GreenScreen™ | Clean Production Action (CPA) | Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity/genotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, acute toxicity (inhalation, dermal, oral toxicity), corrosion/irritation of the skin or eye, sensitization of the skin or respiratory system, immune system effects, systemic toxicity/organ effects, acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, explosivity, flammability |
| Cradle to Cradle® (C2C) | McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, LLC (MBDC) | Material health [i.e. carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, acute and chronic toxicity, irritation of the skin or mucous membranes, sensitization, other (carrier function, skin penetration potential, etc.), vertebrate toxicity (fish), invertebrate toxicity (daphnia), aquatic plant toxicity (algae), persistence/biodegradation, bioaccumulation, contents of halogenated organics, metal content, climate relevance/ozone depletion]Material reutilization/design for environment; energy; water; social responsibility |
| Pollution Prevention Options Analysis System (P2OASys) | Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) | Acute human effects (i.e. dermal/ocular/respiratory irritation, skin absorption, inhalation LC50, oral/dermal LD50); Chronic human effects (i.e. carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory sensitivity/disease, other organ effects); Aquatic hazards (i.e. water quality criteria, aquatic LC50, plant EC50, fish NOAEC, observed ecological effects); persistence, bioaccumulation; atmospheric hazards (i.e., ozone depletor, greenhouse gas, acid rain formation); chemical hazards (i.e., volatile organic compounds, flammability, reactivity/instability, pH); disposal hazard; energy/resource use; product hazard; exposure potential |
| Chemical Scoring and Ranking Assessment Model (SCRAM) | Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Surface Water Quality Division (SWQD) and Michigan State University, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center | Subchronic/chronic toxicity (based on repeat dose toxicity, general organ toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption), acute aquatic toxicity, acute terrestrial toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation |
| Chemicals Assessment and Ranking System (CARS) | Zero Waste Alliance | Proprietary, but may include carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, endocrine disruption, persistence, bioaccumulation (PBT status), aquatic toxicity, impact on climate, ozone; considers frequency of use, human health, safety impacts, ecological and global impacts, costs |
| GreenList™ | SC Johnson | Proprietary, but may include acute human toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and reproductive toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation (PBT status), aquatic toxicity, biodegradability |
| PRIO | Swedish Chemicals Agency | Phase‐out substances: carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, hazardous metals, ozone depletion, persistence, bioaccumulation. Priority risk‐reduction substances: acute and chronic toxicity (inhalation, dermal, oral toxicity, sensitization, mutagenicity) persistence, bioaccumulation |
| Quick Scan | Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment | Persistence, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, inhalation or dermal toxicity, hormone disruption |
| Column Model and GHS Column Model | German Institute for Occupational Safety (BIA) | Acute and chronic health hazards (including inhalation, dermal, oral toxicity, sensitization; carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, bioaccumulation), environmental hazards, explosivity, flammability, exposure potential, hazards caused by procedures |
| Evaluation Matrix | German Federal Environmental Agency | Inclusion in lists of problematic substances, physico‐chemical properties, human toxicity, problematic properties related to the environment, mobility within the environment, origin of raw materials, greenhouse gas emission, resource consumption, persistence, bioaccumulation |